Table 1. Qualitative description of included studies.
| First author and Year | Country and setting | Health condition | N (E/C) Age, years (E/C) | Measurement time points | Intervention duration/ type/content | Intervention/ provider | Comparisons | Outcome variables | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dongbo 2003 | China Community | HTN, heart disease, DM | 430/349 64.2/63.8 | Baseline, 6M | 7W/group 2–2.5h/W×7 | CDSMP/peer | No treatment | PA (CDSMP) | HR (CDSMP) | ||
| Steed 2005 | UK Hospital | DM | 65/59 59.2/60.3 | Baseline, 3M, 6M | 3M/group 2.5h×5+2.5h×1 (booster) | SMP/nurse, dietician | Usual care | Diet (SCDA) | Smoking cessation (SCDA) | ||
| Hibbard 2007 | USA Community | DM, HTN, heart disease | 244/235 59.6/60.0 | Baseline, 6W, 6M | Over 6W/group 2.5h×6 | CDSMP/peer | No treatment | HR (PAM, health behaviors) | Stress management (health related behaviors) | ||
| Lorig 2008 | USA unity | DM | 219/198 52.9/52.8 | Baseline, 6M, 18M | 6W/group 2.5h/W×6 | SMP/peer | Usual care | PA (physical activities scale) | HR (glucose monitoring, health care utilization) | ||
| Lorig 2009 | USA Community | DM | 186/159 67.7/65.4 | Baseline, 6M, 12M | 6W/group 2.5h/W×6 | SMP/peer | Usual care | PA (health activity scale) | Diet (healthy eating) | HR (PAM, health care utilization) | |
| Moriyama 2009 | Japan Hospital | DM | 42/23 66.4/65.2 | Baseline, 3M, 6M, 9M, 12M | 12M/individual 30m×12 interview+1/2W call+interview | SMP/nurse | Usual care | PA (goal attainment for exercise) | Diet (goal attainment for diet) | ||
| McGowan 2011 | Canada Hospital | DM | 82/152 55/59 | Baseline, 6M | 6W/group DM education 2.5h/W×6 | CDSMP/peer | Regular DM education by a dietitian | PA (self-management behavior) | HR (medical care utilization) | ||
| Rujiwatthanakorn2011 | Thailand Hospital | HTN | 50/46 61.2/60.9 | Baseline, 14W | 10W/group 2h×3+6 (letters) | SMP/primary investigator | Usual care | HR (SCABPCQ) | Stress management (SCABPCQ) | ||
| Glasgow 2012 | USA Hospital | DM | 169 (E1)/162 (E2)/132 (C1) 58.7/58.7/58.7 | Baseline, 4M, 12M | 2M/(individual+group) 2h group+2 phone calls | Internet SMP /nutritionist | Usual care | PA (CHAMPS) | Diet (NCI percentage energy) | HR (Hill-Bone Compliance scale) | |
| Liu 2012 | China Community | DM | 119/89 62.0/62.5 | Baseline, 12M | 12M/(individual+group) 1.5h/M×12+1h/M×12 visits | CDSMP/doctor, nurse practitioner | Usual care | PA (self-management behavior) | Diet (self-management behavior) | HR (self-management behavior) | |
| Rygg 2012 | Norway Hospital | DM | 73/73 66 | Baseline, 6M, 12M | 3W/group 15h over 3 sessions | SMP/nurse | Usual care | HR (PAM) | |||
| Suwankruhasn 2013 | Thailand Hospital | Metabolic syndrome | 44/42 59.6/62.7 | Baseline, 3M, 6M | 3M/group 2h/W×4+1/M×2 | SMP/nurse | Usual care | PA (physical activity log) | Diet (7-day food diary) | ||
| Trouilloud 2013 | France Hospital | DM | 120 56.7 | Baseline, 3M | 3 days/group 2–3h×8 | SMP/nurse | No treatment | Diet (DM self-care activity) | |||
| Forjuoh 2014 | USA Community | DM | 101/95 57.6 | Baseline, 6M, 12M | 6W/group 2.5h/W×6 | CDSMP/peer | Usual care | Diet (DSCA) | HR (DSCA) | ||
| Lynch 2014 | USA Community | DM, HTN | 31/30 54.8/53.4 | Baseline, 6M | 2W/group 3h×2+2h follow-up | SMP/community health worker, expert | Group education for nutrition and exercise | Diet (DSCA) | HR (MMTAS) | ||
| Miller 2014 | USA Community | DM | 25/27 54.0/53.9 | Baseline, 3M, 6M | 3M/group 2.5h×10 | SMP/dietitian | Group-based mindful eating intervention | Diet (BFFQ) | |||
| Vinkers 2014 | The Netherlands Community | Obesity | 45/60 55.8/55.8 | Baseline, 2M, 7M, 12M | 6M/(individual+group) 1h×1, 2h×4+2h×2 (booster) | SMP/dieticians | Group session with written assignments | PA (PASE) | Diet (KFHQ) | ||
| Whittle 2014 | USA Community | HTN | 219/185 68.8/67.4 | Baseline, 12M | 12M/group 10m×12 | SMP/peer | Health education | PA (health survey) | |||
| Baig 2015 | USA Community | DM | 50/50 51.7/55.7 | Baseline, 3M, 6M | 8W/group 90m/W×8 | SMP/peer | Health education | PA (SDSCA) | Diet (SDSCA) | HR (SDSCA) | |
| Meng 2016 | Germany Hospital | CHF | 248/227 | Baseline, 3M, 6M, 12M | 3W/group 60–75m×5 | SMP/physician, nurse, psychologist, physiotherapist | Education | PA (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire) | Diet (symptom monitoring: 4 items) | HR (MARS-D, symptom monitoring: 3 items) | |
| Sadeghian 2016 | India Hospital | DM | 152/154 45.4 | Baseline 6M | 2W/group 2h/W×2 | SMP/expert | DM education | PA (questionnaire) | Smoking cessation (questionnaire) | ||
| Nishimura 2017 | Japan Hospital | DM | 30/32 66.7/65.8 | Baseline, 6M | 6M/group 1/2M×3 | SMP/health care staff | Usual care | HR (SDSCA) | |||
| Huang 2018 | China Hospital | HTN | 46/44 54.6/54.5 | Baseline, 1M, 3M, 6M | 5W/(individual+group) 45m/W×3+motivational interviewing | SMP/nurse | Standard care plus routine health education | Diet (balance formulas) | HR (medication-taking behavior scale) | ||
| Agarwal 2019 | Canada Community | DM, HTN | 28/22 64.2/63.9 | Baseline, 4M | 4M/individual 1/W×16 home visits+phone calls+HL app+discussion | SMP/peer | Usual care | PA (RAPA) | |||
| Engelen 2020 | The Netherlands Hospital | CVD | 103/105 63.3/63.7 | Baseline, 6M, 12M | 12M/individual 6 modules×4 | SMP/health professionals | Usual care | PA (IPAQ) | Diet (DHD Index) | HR (PAM) | Smoking (FTND) |
Notes: N, population size; E, experimental group; C, comparison group; m, minutes; M, months; W, weeks; h, hours; PA, physical activity; HR, health responsibility; CDSMP, Chronic Disease Self-Management Program; SMP, self-management program; PAM, Patient Activation Measure; HTN, hypertension; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; KFHQ, Kristal Food Habits Questionnaire; BFFQ, Block 2005 Food Frequency Questionnaire; SCABPCQ, Self-Care Ability for Blood Pressure Control Questionnaire; SDSCA, Diabetes Self-Care Activities; SCDA, Self-Care Diabetes Activities; CHAMPS, Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors; NCI, US National Cancer Institute; DSCA, Diabetes Self-Care Activities; MMTAS, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; MARS-D, Medication Adherence Report Scale; HL app, healthy lifestyle application; RAPA, Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; DHD Index, Dutch Healthy Diet Index; FTND, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; CVD, cardiovascular disease.