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. 2021 Jul 15;11(7):1036. doi: 10.3390/biom11071036

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The role of coagulation, the renin–angiotensin system, and inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Orange background encapsulates the renin-angiotensin system; pink background embraces thrombotic processes; yellow rings encapsulate atherosclerotic processes. Abbreviations: Xa, activated coagulation factor X; XIIIa, activated coagulation factor XIII; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; +, addition; Ang II, angiotensin II; DD, dominant homozygote of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene; ↓, decrease; EC, endothelial cell; FDPs, fibrinogen degradation products; IL, interleukin; ↑, increase; −, inhibition; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; NEU, neutrophil; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PAR, protease-activated receptor; PLT, platelet; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; SMC, smooth muscle cell; TF-VIIa, tissue factor-activated coagulation factor VII complex; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.