Table 1.
ADHD cognitive endophenotypes in 408 individuals belonging to 113 nuclear families from Barranquilla, Colombia.
| Coding a | Task | Affected (n = 236) |
Unaffected (n = 172) |
d | P | Heritability | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| h2 (SE) | p | ||||||
| Mental Control | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
| T4 | Numbers from 20 to 1 (Score) | 2.13 (0.99) | 2.55 (0.7) | −0.483 | 0.034 | 0.351 (0.138) | 0.006 |
| Semantic Verbal Fluency | |||||||
| T32 | Token Test 36/36 | 31.36 (3.8) | 33.51 (2.68) | −0.637 | 0.001 | 0.355 (0.124) | 0.002 |
| WISC-III and WAIS-III subtests | |||||||
| T42 | Digit span total—Forward | 6.84 (1.73) | 7.8 (1.92) | −0.526 | 3.7 × 10−4 | 0.492 (0.107) | 1.0 × 10−5 |
| T43 | Digit span total—Backward | 4.53 (1.88) | 5.24 (1.87) | −0.375 | 0.001 | 0.171 (0.102) | 0.048 |
| T44 | Total punctuation (forward and backward) | 11.32 (3.06) | 13.12 (3.33) | −0.564 | 1.6 × 10−5 | 0.416 (0.109) | 6.8 × 10−5 |
| T45 | Vocabulary | 28.28 (10.63) | 35.51 (10.99) | −0.670 | 0.005 | 0.452 (0.126) | 1.7 × 10−4 |
| T46 | Comprehension | 17.75 (6.27) | 21.01 (5.88) | −0.533 | 0.019 | 0.210 (0.107) | 0.025 |
| T47 | Arithmetic | 12.94 (4.52) | 12.87 (3.87) | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.365 (0.116) | 0.001 |
| T48 | Similarities (analogies) | 16.16 (6.98) | 20.55 (5.89) | −0.671 | 0.002 | 0.366 (0.130) | 0.003 |
| T49 | Figure completion | 18.81 (4.86) | 20.58 (3.45) | −0.410 | 0.036 | 0.235 (0.133) | 0.039 |
| T52 | Object assembly | 25.56 (8.8) | 29.92 (9.13) | −0.488 | 0.012 | 0.323 (0.132) | 0.007 |
a Refers to clinical variables/tasks in Cervantes-Henriquez et al. [49]. d = Cohen’s effect size; h2 = heritability estimated value. p-values < 0.05 are shown in bold. WISC-III = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition; WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition. A Logistic Regression for predicting ADHD diagnosis using these endophenotypes of working memory and perceptual organization led to an accuracy of 73% (95%CI = 68.4–77.2). Modified from Cervantes-Henriquez et al. [49].