Table 2.
Changes of exosomal proteins in AD.
| Category | Level | Exosomal Proteins |
|---|---|---|
| Aβ targeted | Increase | Aβ42, APP, sAPPβ, BACE-1 |
| Decrease | Aβ42, APP | |
| No change | Aβ42, APP, sAPPα, sAPPβ, BACE-1, Aβ42/p-T181-tau, γ-secretase | |
| Tau targeted | Increase | t-tau, p-T181-tau, p-T231-tau, p-S202-tau, p-S396-tau, p-tau/t-tau, p-T181-tau/t-tau,-tau/Aβ42 |
| Decrease | t-tau | |
| No change | t-tau, p-T181-tau, p-S396-tau, p-T181-tau/t-tau, t-tau/Aβ42, N-224 tau, N-123 tau, MR tau, FL tau | |
| Synaptic protein | Decrease | NRGN, synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, synaptopodin, SNAP-25, AMPA4 receptor, NPTX2, NLGN1, NRXN2, p-S9-synapsin 1, synapsin 1, MOG |
| Autolysosomal | Increase | cathepsin D, LAMP-1 |
| No change | cathepsin D, LAMP-1 | |
| Growth/trophic | Increase | GDNF |
| Decrease | GDNF, FGF-2, FGF-13, HGF, IGF-1 | |
| Brain insulin resistance | Increase | p-Y-IRS-1, p-S312-IRS-1, p-S312-IRS-1/p-Y-IRS-1 |
| Decrease | p-Y-IRS-1 | |
| No change | t-IRS-1, p-Y-IRS-1, p-S312-IRS-1, p-S312-IRS-1/p-Y-IRS-1 | |
| Inflammatory related | Increase | MMP-9, TSPO |
| No change | IL-6 | |
| Molecular chaperone | Increase | ubiquitinylated protein |
| Decrease | HSP70 | |
| No change | HSP70, ubiquitinylated protein | |
| Transcriptional repressor | Decrease | REST |
| Cell type marker | Increase | GFAP, NF-Lch, NS-enolase |
| Decrease | GFAP, GluSyn | |
| No change | GluSyn, NF-Lch, NS-enolase | |
| Exosome marker | Decrease | CD81 |
| No change | CD81, TSG101 | |
| Other | Increase | GM1 |
| Decrease | GAP43, Septin-8 | |
| No change | Septin-8 |