Table 1.

Differential Diagnosis of Eosinophil-Associated Diseases With Myocardial Involvement

Hypersensitivity

Antibiotics (mainly minocycline and beta-lactam antibiotics)

Central nervous system acting agents (mainly clozapine followed by carbamazepine)

Vaccines (e.g., tetanus toxoid, smallpox, and diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus)

Antitubercular agents (e.g., isoniazid)

NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin, among others

Autoimmune diseases

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome)

Giant cell arteritis

Sarcoidosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Polyarteritis nodosa

Heart transplantation allograft acute rejection

Primary hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia

PDGFRα-associated HES

FIP1-negative variant

Infection

Viral infections (e.g., HIV)

Parasitic infections (e.g., Toxocara canis, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Schistosoma)

Infections by protozoa (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii)

Malignant disease

Lymphoma (particularly Hodgkin, T- and B-cell lymphomas)

Leukemia (acute myelogenous leukemias most commonly, B-cell ALL)

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (hyper-IgE syndrome, Omenn syndrome)

Idiopathic/undefined

ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukemia; IgE = immunoglobulin E; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PDGFR = platelet-derived growth factor receptor.