. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 23.

Published in final edited form as: Socius. 2020 Apr 14;6:10.1177/2378023120915369. doi: 10.1177/2378023120915369

Table 3.

The Effect of Parental Incarceration before High School on School-Based Behaviors Using Traditional (Model 1) and Strategic Comparison (Model 2) Regression with Covariates.

	Behavior
	Suspension	Expulsion	Fight	Skipped School	No Activity	Part of School
Paternal incarceration
Model 1	.061^*** (.000)	.019^*** (.000)	.139^*** (.000)	.077^*** (.000)	.078^*** (.000)	−.080^** (.001)
Model 2	.065^* (.013)	.024^* (.032)	.097^* (.042)	.068⁺ (.097)	.068^* (.037)	−.161^*** (.001)
Maternal incarceration
Model 1	.073^** (.002)	.018⁺ (.061)	.162^*** (.000)	.114^** (.002)	.007 (.819)	−.051 (.259)
Model 2	−.023 (.725)	−.023 (.725)	.170^* (.031)	.146^* (.029)	.032 (.546)	−.082 (.302)
n	11,758	11,767	8,344	8,671	9,149	8,324

Note: Values are coefficients, with p values in parenthesis. All models include child and parent controls. Model 1 is a traditional regression (comparison group “nevers” plus “futures”), and model 2 is a synthetic regression (comparison group “futures”).

⁺

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.