Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to adherence category
| Adherent to all medication (A) | Non-adherent to at least one medication (B) | P-value A/B | Non-adherent to one or more disease-modifying therapy (C) | Non-adherent to diuretic only (D) | P-value C/D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 281a | 60a | 36a | 24a | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 72.1 (10.3) | 69.7 (12.1) | 0.42 | 71.6 (12.6) | 67.0 (11.0) | 0.14 |
| Male | 170 (60.5) | 40 (66.7) | 0.47 | 26 (72.2) | 14 (58.3) | 0.28 |
| SIMD quintile | 0.93 | 0.20 | ||||
| Total | 267 | 59 | 35 | 24 | ||
| 1 | 133 (49.8) | 29 (49.2) | 16 (45.7) | 13 (54.2) | ||
| 2 | 46 (17.2) | 13 (22.0) | 8 (22.9) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| 3 | 32 (12.0) | 7 (11.9) | 6 (17.1) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| 4 | 27 (10.1) | 5 (8.5) | 4 (11.4) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| 5 | 29 (10.9) | 5 (8.5) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Heart failure status | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 40.7 (11.7) | 37.7 (10.7) | 0.07 | 36.8 (10.6) | 39.0 (10.8) | 0.45 |
| NYHA classification | 0.62 | 0.26 | ||||
| I | 4 (1.4) | 2 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| II | 181 (64.4) | 37 (61.7) | 23 (63.9) | 14 (58.3) | ||
| III | 94 (33.5) | 21 (35.0) | 13 (36.1) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| IV | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Duration of diagnosis >2 years | 89 (31.7) | 20 (33.3) | 0.94 | 11 (30.6) | 9 (37.5) | 0.20 |
| Ischaemic aetiology | 250 (89.0) | 50 (83.3) | 0.27 | 30 (83.3) | 20 (83.3) | 1.00 |
| Clinical signs and symptoms | ||||||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 74.6 (14.9) | 78.3 (16.9) | 0.14 | 78.0 (19.2) | 78.8 (13.0) | 0.86 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.8 (22.3) | 137.3 (24.1) | 0.05 | 135.5 (22.0) | 140.1 (27.2) | 0.49 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.0 (13.1) | 71.8 (12.1) | 0.006 | 70.0 (12.7) | 74.5 (10.9) | 0.16 |
| Orthopnoea | 90 (32.0) | 14 (23.3) | 0.22 | 8 (22.2) | 6 (25.0) | 1.00 |
| PND | 44 (15.7) | 6 (10.0) | 0.32 | 4 (11.1) | 2 (8.3) | 1.00 |
| Ankle swelling | 85 (30.2) | 15 (25.0) | 0.53 | 7 (19.4) | 8 (33.3) | 0.24 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||
| Estimated GFR (mL/min) | 58.0 (42.0–61.0) | 61.0 (49.5–61.0) | 0.10 | 61.0 (47.3–61.0) | 61.0 (58.0–61.0) | 0.47 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 4.2 (3.8–4.4) | 0.09 | 4.1 (3.7–4.3) | 4.3 (4.1–4.7) | 0.08 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 391.0 (202.0–870.0) | 430.5 (221.8–744.3) | 0.77 | 470.5 (261.8–799.8) | 393.0 (212.5–613.0) | 0.36 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension | 188 (66.9) | 34 (56.7) | 0.14 | 19 (52.8) | 15 (62.5) | 0.60 |
| Valvular heart disease | 130 (46.3) | 28 (46.7) | 1.0 | 16 (44.4) | 12 (50.0) | 0.79 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 150 (53.4) | 33 (55.0) | 0.9 | 21 (58.3) | 12 (50.0) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 98 (34.9) | 17 (28.3) | 0.37 | 11 (30.6) | 6 (25.0) | 0.77 |
| COPD | 82 (29.2) | 15 (25.0) | 0.64 | 10 (27.8) | 2 (20.8) | 0.76 |
| Anaemia | 114 (40.7) | 34 (56.7) | 0.03 | 23 (63.9) | 11 (45.8) | 0.19 |
| Urinary incontinence | 24 (8.5) | 10 (16.7) | 0.09 | 4 (11.1) | 6 (25.0) | 0.18 |
| Previous MI | 116 (41.3) | 30 (50.0) | 0.25 | 18 (50.0) | 12 (50.0) | 1.00 |
| Previous PCI | 37 (13.2) | 11 (18.3) | 0.31 | 4 (11.1) | 7 (29.2) | 0.10 |
| Previous CABG | 50 (17.8) | 10 (16.7) | 1.0 | 5 (13.9) | 5 (20.8) | 0.50 |
| Depression | 68 (24.2) | 12 (20.0) | 0.62 | 5 (13.9) | 7 (29.2) | 0.19 |
| Smoking | 198 (70.5) | 42 (70.0) | 1.0 | 26 (72.2) | 16 (66.7) | 0.78 |
| Alcohol | 199 (70.8) | 46 (76.7) | 0.43 | 28 (77.8) | 18 (75.0) | 1.00 |
| Number of comorbidities (max 18) | 5 (0–9) | 5 (0–10) | 0.69 | 4 (1–10) | 5 (0–9) | 0.61 |
| Medications | ||||||
| ACE-I | 194 (69.0) | 48 (80.0) | 0.116 | 29 (80.6) | 19 (79.2) | 1.00 |
| ARB | 25 (8.9) | 12 (20.0) | 0.020 | 10 (27.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0.10 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 212 (75.4) | 56 (93.3) | 0.002 | 36 (100.0) | 20 (83.3) | 0.02 |
| Beta-blocker | 196 (69.9) | 36 (60.0) | 0.170 | 23 (63.9) | 13 (54.2) | 0.59 |
| Spironolactone | 44 (15.7) | 7 (11.7) | 0.551 | 4 (11.1) | 3 (12.5) | 1.00 |
| Digoxin | 47 (16.7) | 13 (21.7) | 0.355 | 9 (25.0) | 4 (16.7) | 0.53 |
| Loop diuretic | 272 (96.8) | 60 (100.0) | 0.370 | 36 (100.0) | 24 (100.0) | — |
| Thiazide diuretic | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.7) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | 0.40 |
| Number of cardiovascular medications prescribed | 4 (1–8) | 4 (1–7) | 0.359 | 3.5 (1–6) | 4 (1–7) | 0.48 |
| Number of non-cardiovascular medications prescribed | 3 (1–10) | 3 (1–6) | 0.339 | 3 (1–6) | 2 (1–5) | 0.09 |
Values are represented as mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive airways disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PND, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea; SIMD, Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.
a
The total number of patients studied was 341; of these, 333 were prescribed a diuretic and 311 disease-modifying drugs.