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. 2021 Jul 22;218(9):e20202715. doi: 10.1084/jem.20202715

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© 2021 Sanmarco et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms/). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 4.0 International license, as described at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).

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Figure 2. — Astrocyte–immune cell interactions. Microbiota-licensed IFNγ⁺ NK cells circulate to the meninges. Astrocytes up-regulate TRAIL expression in response to NK cell–produced IFNγ, inducing T cell apoptosis via DR5. Astrocyte-derived cytokines such as CCL2 recruit macrophages, neutrophils, CD4⁺ T cells, and mast cells to the CNS, whereas CXCL12 attracts dendritic cells and B cells. CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells are recruited by IL-15. In addition, perivascular astrocytes produce B cell–activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), which promotes B cell survival and activation.