Figure 3.

Barcoded viral tracing of astrocyte–cell–cell interactions.(A) RABID-seq–identified mechanisms of microglia–astrocyte and T cell–astrocyte communication. (B) TNF and IL-1β up-regulate the expression of microglial SEMA4D, which interacts with PLXNB1/2 on astrocytes to induce NOS2 and IL-1β. (C) EPHRINB3–EPHB3 interactions activate PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling in astrocytes, triggering the production of mtROS and pro-inflammatory mediators, and microglial NF-κB activation. (D) VEGFβ-producing microglia down-regulate AHR expression in FLT1⁺ astrocytes. (E) Il10ra-expressing astrocytes interact with Tr1 cells expressing Il10, Ctla4, Il2ra, and Ikzf4. BC, barcode; mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.