Table 7.
Mixed-Effects Subgroup Analyses of Dichotomous Moderators
| Description | k | B | SE | 95%CI | 95%CI | Z | p-value | Between Study Heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||||||
| LL | UL | Q | df | p-value | I2 | ||||||
| Intervention Type | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Biofeedback | 19 | −0.631 | 0.168 | −0.961 | −0.301 | −3.749 | <.001 | 87.823 | 18 | <.001 | 79.504 |
| Non-Biofeedback | 20 | −0.489 | 0.123 | −0.731 | −0.247 | −3.966 | <.001 | 57.088 | 19 | <.001 | 66.718 |
| Combined between- group effects | 0.462 | 1 | 0.497 | ||||||||
| Biofeedback (Inactive control comparisons only) | 13 | −0.974 | 0.232 | −1.428 | −0.520 | −4.205 | <.001 | 59.068 | 12 | <.001 | 79.684 |
| Non-Biofeedback (Inactive control comparisons only) | 12 | −0.476 | 0.120 | −0.711 | −0.240 | −3.969 | <.001 | 23.823 | 11 | 0.013 | 53.826 |
| Combined between- group effects | 3.648 | 1 | 0.056 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Control Type3 | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Active | 25 | −0.279 | .132 | −0.537 | −0.021 | −2.118 | .034 | 55.595 | 19 | <.001 | 66.047 |
|
|
|||||||||||
| Inactive | 20 | −0.709 | .127 | −0.958 | −0.460 | −5.586 | <.001 | 85.433 | 24 | <.001 | 71.908 |
| Combined between-group effects | 5.526 | 1 | 0.019 | ||||||||
Note. k = Number of Studies, SE=Standard Error, CI=Confidence Interval, LL=Lower Limit, UL=Upper Limit
1
Number of studies listed in dichotomous analyses of control type is greater than analyzed sample of k=39, due to the following studies containing both active and inactive conditions: Colgan et al., 2016; Enright et al., 2004; Gruzelier et al., 2014; Lin, 2018; Wahbeh et al., 2016; Yekta et al., 2017