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. 2021 Jul 23;11:15129. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94607-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Comparative transcriptomics data analysis of High and Low ADA expression datasets showing differential gene expression of P2 receptors, inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast markers in PBMCs and synovial macrophages respectively. (b) ADA treated MSCs in osteogenic medium showed significantly reduced differentiation to osteoblasts compared to those treated with osteogenic medium alone as evident from ALP staining (OM = Osteogenic Medium; ADA = Osteogenic medium with ADA). (c) Alizarin Red S staining shows reduced mineralization in osteoblasts differentiated from MSCs in the osteogenic medium with ADA compared to osteogenic medium alone (OM = Osteogenic Medium; ADA = Osteogenic medium with ADA). (showing *representing a p value of ≤ 0.05, and **representing a p value of ≤ 0.005). All the plots were made using Origin 2020.