Figure 1.

Heatmap representing the changes in relative levels of primary metabolites in leaves of C. canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 (CL153), grown under 380 (aCO₂) or 700 (eCO₂) ppm CO₂, and three water availability levels (WW, well-watered; MWD, moderate water deficit; SWD, severe water deficit). Results indicate (a) single exposure to eCO₂, (b) single exposure to each water deficit level under aCO₂, (c) exposure to each water deficit level under eCO₂, and (d) eCO₂ effect within each water deficit level. Relative values (as means of three to six independent measurements) were normalized to the internal standard (ribitol) and the dry weight of the samples; false color imaging was performed on log₁₀-transformed GC-TOF-MS metabolite data. Significant changes using one-way ANOVA are indicated as (○) for p < 0.05. Heatmaps and clustering were performed in R software [48,49] using the “gplots” package [50]. Gray-color squares represent non-detected values. Metabolites are grouped in amino acids and derivatives (AA), organic acids (OA), sugars and sugar alcohols (SS), and others (O).