Table 1.
Molecular EVs’ cargo detected in MS patients, and in in vivo and in vitro models.
| EVs Biological Source | EV Cargo | References |
|---|---|---|
| Non-coding RNAs | ||
| Serum | miR-15b-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR-30b-5p, miR-433-3p, miR-485-3p, mir-342-3p, miR-432-5p | Ebrahimkhani et al. [58] |
| Serum | miR-122-5p, miR-196b-5p, miR-301a-3p, miR-532-5p | Selmaj et al. [59] |
| Serum | miR-23a, miR-15b, miR-223, miR-146a, mir-451, miR-26a, let7 family | Manna et al. [60] |
| T cell cultures | miR-326 | Azimi et al. [61] |
| Plasma | miR-25, miR-19b, miR-29a, let7i | Kimura et al. [62] |
| Activated microglia | miR-146a-5p | Prada et al. [63] |
| Erythrocyte | miR-451a | Groen et al. [64] |
| Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) | miR-219 | Pusic et al. [65] |
| Urine of EAE models | miR-155-5p, miR-9-5p, miR-35-3p | Singh et al. [66] |
| Urine | miR-J1-3p and miR-J1-5p of JCPyV | Giovanelli et al. [67] |
| M2 macrophage of EAE models | lncRNA PVT1 | Wu et al. [68] |
| Proteins | ||
| Serum and CSF | MOG | Galazka et al. [69] |
| Serum | TLR3 TLR4 | Bhargava et al. [70] |
| Plasma of EAE models | Fibrinogen | Willis et al. [71] |
| CSF | Fibronectin GFAP | Lee et al. [22] |
| Tears and CSF | Integrin signaling events; PI3K signaling; EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway; ErbB receptor signaling network; IFNγ pathway; LKB1 signaling events; PDGF receptor signaling network; RNA polymerase I chain elongation; S1P1 pathway; signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2; TNFα/NFkB; TRAIL signaling pathway | Pieragostino et al. [72] |
| Lipids | ||
| Plasma of MS pts | Sulfatides | Moyano et al. [73] |
| OPC of LPC mouse models | S1P | Lombardi et al. [74] |
ncRNAs: non-coding RNAs; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; PTS: patients; OPC: oligodendrocyte precursor cell; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; SPMS: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; NMO: neuromyelitis optica; LPC: lysolecithin; JCPyV: polyomavirus JC; PVT1: plasmacytoma variant translocation 1; MOG: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; TLR3 and TLR4: Toll-like receptors 3 and 4; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; S1P: sphingosine 1 phosphate.