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Effect of PDA/GO on osteogenic-related gene and protein expression. (A–E) The mRNA expression of ALP, OSX, RUNX2, OCN, and OPN was analyzed after 7-day osteogenic induction by real-time RT-PCR. (F) The protein levels of OCN (5.5 kDa) and OSX (45 kDa) were determined by Western blot. (G) The bars denote the density relative to β-actin. The values are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05 vs. control value.
