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. 2021 Jul 7;22(14):7323. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147323

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hypothesized model of the PDA/GO-mediated osteogenic differentiation of ESCs. When ESCs are cultured on PDA/GO-modified surfaces, integrin α5/β1 and BMPR I/II are recognized, leading to MAPK or SMAD signaling pathway activation and eventually promoting the osteogenic differentiation of ESCs.