Table 1.

Immunosuppressive effects of CAFs in the TGF-β1-mediated fibrotic TME.

Cell Type	Effects of CAF on Immune Cell	Ref.
Dendritic cell	Inhibiting DC maturation	[114]
Macrophage	Promotes macrophage differentiation into immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype and inhibiting differentiation into pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype.	[61,116]
Natural killer cell	Impairs cytotoxic activation and the expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors, as well as promoting NK cells apoptosis	[120,121]
T cell	Reduces T-cell activation, differentiation by influencing DC and MDSC	[115,124]
MDSC -granulocytic -monocytic	Reprograms myeloid cells into MDSC Increases its recruitment and function to supress T cell proliferation Increases its recruitment to inhibit T cell activity and accumulation in TME	[123,124]