Figure 1.

Factors that promote chronic liver disease in the HIV-infected population. These factors can be associated with HIV infection (direct effect of the virus on the liver that has been shown to produce metabolic alterations, increased microbial translocation, hepatocyte injury and pro-fibrogenic and pro-inflammatory effects on non-parenchymal cells) and with cART (ability of each ARV drug to induce hepatotoxicity and metabolic alterations). Furthermore, patients present specific risk factors (variations arising from patient’s sex, ethnicity and age, and other pathophysiological aspects such as alcohol consumption, obesity, viral hepatitis infection, genetic predisposition, hyperuricemia, and gut microbiome composition).