Table 1.
Potential lipid markers in MS.
| Proposed Lipid Subspecies | Altered in/Compared to | Material | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| C18:0-dhCer↑, C18:1-dhCer↑, C24-dhCer↑, C24:1-dhCer↑ |
Ac-MS/nCNS and Ac-MS/In-MS |
Plaque | [128] |
| C18:0-SM↓, C18:1-SM↓, C24-SM↓, C24:1-SM↓ |
In-MS/nCNS and In-MS/Ac-MS |
Plaque | [128] |
| C16:0-HexCer↑, C18:0-HexCer↑, C18:1-HexCer↑, C24:0-HexCer↑, C24:1-HexCer↑ | In-MS/nCNS and In-MS/Ac-MS |
Plaque | [128] |
| C16:0-C1P↑, C18:0-C1P↑, C18:1-C1P↑, C24:0-C1P↑, C24:1-C1P↑ | In-MS/nCNS and In-MS/Ac-MS |
Plaque | [128] |
| Total LacCer↑ | MS/WM of MS | Plaque | [25] |
| C18:0-Cer↑ | Ac-MS/nCNS | Plaque | [30] |
| Total Cer↓, Sph↑, S1P↓, C16:0/C24:0-Cer ratio↑, C18:0/C24:0-Cer ratio↑ |
MS/nCNS, WM of AD | Plaque | [32] |
| C26:1-C1P↑, C18:0/C15:0-DG↑, C18:2/C19:0-DG↑, C10:0-lysoPC↑, C17:0-lysoPC↓, C22:2-lysoPE↑, C18:1/C18:0-PA↑, C18:1/C21:0-PA↓, C20:4/C20:0-PA↑, C21:2/C24:0-PA↓, C22:6/C18:1-PA↓, C20:5/C18:2-PC↑, C18:0/C18:1-PC-P↓, C18:1/C22:1-PE↓, C18:2/C16:0-PE↓, C18:2/C21:0-PE↓, C18:2/C22:1-PE↓, C20:2/C18:2-PE↓, C20:3/C20:2-PE↓, C20:3/C22:0-PE↓, C20:4/C18:0-PE↓, C20:4/C20:0-PE↓, C16:0/C18:0-PE-P↓, C18:0/C13:0-PE-P↓, C18:0/C17:0-PE-P↓, C18:1/C22:1-PE-P↓, C18:1/C22:1-PE-P↓, C18:1/C22:1-PE-P↓, C18:0/C20:4-PE-P↑, C18:0/C20:5-PE-P↑, C18:0/C22:1-PE-P↓, 20:0/22:6-PE-P↓, C18:0/C16:0-PG↑, C18:1/C18:0-PG↑, C22:6/C20:1-PG↓, C18:2/C18:1-PI↓, C22:6/C16:0-PI↓, C18:0/C21:0-PS↓, C18:1/C20:3-PS↑, C18:1/C22:0-PS↓, C18:1/C24:1-PS↓, 18:2/22:1-PS↓, C20:1/C18:0-PS↓, C20:3/C21:0-PS↓, C22:6/C17:2-PS↑, C22:6/C18:2-PS↓, C18:0/C12:0-SQDG↑ |
SPMS/PPMS | NAWM | [8] |
| C20:4/C22:2-DG↓, C18:2/C17:0-PA↓, C20:5/C18:1-PA↓, C18:2/C20:0-PE↑, C20:4/C20:0-PE↑, C20:4/C20:1-PE↓, C22:6/C22:0-PE↓, C18:0/C16:0-PI↓, C18:2/C19:0-PS↓, C20:0-sulfatide↓ | PPMS/nCNS and SPMS/nCNS |
NAWM | [8] |
| Total Cer↓, Sph↑, S1P↓, C16:0/C24:0-Cer ratio↑, C18:0/C24:0-Cer ratio↑ |
MS/nCNS and WM of AD | NAWM | [32] |
| C18:0-Cer↓, C20:0-Cer↓, C20:0-SM↓, C22:0-SM↓ |
Ac-MS/nCNS | NAGM | [27] |
| C20:0-Cer↓, C22:0-Cer↓, C16:0-SM↓ |
Ac-MS and In-MS/nCNS | NAGM | [27] |
| C18:0-Cer↓, C20:0-Cer↓, C22:0-SM↓, C24:0-SM↓ |
Ac-MS and In-MS/nCNS | NAWM | [27] |
| C18:1(9Z)-lysoPC↑, C18:0-lysoPC↑, C16:0-lysoPI↑, PA↓, PC↑, PI↑ |
RRMS/ONDs | CSF | [135] |
| C52:3-TG↓, C58:3-TG↓, C57:4-TG↓, C52:3-TG↓, C61:10-TG↓, C37:2-TG↓, C55:5-TG↓, C57:7-TG↓, C61:8-TG↓, C60:10-TG↓, C62:8-TG↓, C50:1-TG↓, C44:5-TG↓, C59:6-TG↓, C44:4-TG↓, C58:1-TG↓, C56:6-TG↓, C64:10-TG↑, C63:8-TG↑, C59:2-TG↑, C56:4-TG↑, C57:6-TG↑, C32:1-DG↓, C38:7-DG↑, C38:6-DG↑, C32:2-DG↑, C18:3-DG↑, C39:2-DG↑, C42:5-DG↑, C36:6-DG↑, 5beta-cholestane-3alpha↑, 7alpha-diol, 5beta-dihydrotestosterone↑, 22:0 cholesteryl ester↓, cholest-5-en-3alpha-ol↓, 12-methyl-10-oxo- tridecanoic acid↑, N-oleoylethanolamine↑, PE-NMe(O,O-28:0)↑, C21:0-PE↑, C27:1-PC-P↓, C40:3-PS↓, C42:6-PC↑, C25:2-PC↑, C42:0-GluCer↑, C20:0-sulfatide↓, C42:2-C1P↓ |
RRMS/ONDs | CSF | [136] |
| C16:0-Cer↑, C24:0-Cer↑, C16:0-HexCer↑ | MS/ONDs | CSF | [130] |
| C16:0-HexCer↑ | MS/ONDs | CSF | [155] |
| 24(S)-OHC↑, 24(S)-OHC /27-OHC↑ | MS/nCNS | CSF | [48] |
| 24(S)-OHC↓, 27-OHC↓ | NZ treated RRMS/untreated RRMS | CSF | [156] |
| 24(S)-OHC↓ | MS/ONDs | Serum | [157] |
| C18:1-lysoPE↓, C18:2-lysoPE↓, C22:4-lysoPE↓, C16:0-lysoPC-P↓, C18:0-lysoPC-P↓, C18:1-lysoPC-P↓, C44:12-PC↓, C20:1-lysoPC↓, C20:0-lysoPC↓, C36:5-PE↓, C35:5-PC↓, C18:1/C18:1-PC↓, C18:0/C18:3-PC↓, tiglylcarnitine↓, 2(R)-HOT↓, GPC(14:0)↓, gamma-linolenic acid↓ |
PPMS/HS | Plasma | [134] |
| C18:2-lysoPE↓, C20:0-lysoPC↓, tiglylcarnitine↑ | PPMS/RRMS | Plasma | [134] |
| Gamma-linolenic acid↓, C20:0-lysoPC↓ | PPMS/RRMS and PD | Plasma | [134] |
| C16:0-Cer↑, C24:1-Cer↑, C16:0-GluCer↑, C24:1-GluCer↑, C16:0-LacCer↓ |
MS/HS | Plasma | [31] |
| C20:0-HexCer↑, C14:0-SM↓ | PPMS/HS | Plasma | [137] |
| C18:2-LPA↓ | PPMS with rapid progression/PPMS with mild progression and SPMS with rapid progression/SPMS with mild progression |
Plasma | [137] |
| LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ | RRMS and progressive MS/HS | Plasma | [158] |
| C24:0-Cer↓, C16:0-LacCer↓ | MS/HS | White blood cells | [31] |
All listed SLs or dhCers are based on sphingosine (d18:1) or sphinganine (d18:0) backbones, respectively. Trends are indicated by arrows: down by green and up by red. Abbreviations: Ac-MS—chronic active multiple sclerosis, AD—Alzheimer’s disease, C1P—ceramide 1-phosphate, Cer—ceramide, CSF—cerebrospinal fluid, DG—diacyloglycerol, dhCer—dihydroceramide, GluCer—glucosylceramide, GM—gray matter, GPC—glycerophosphatidylcholine, HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HexCer—hexosylceramide, HOT—hydroxy-alpha-linolenic acid, HS—healthy subjects, In-MS—chronic inactive multiple sclerosis, LacCer—lactosylceramide, LDL-C—low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LPA—lysophosphatic acid, lysoPC—lysophosphatidylcholine, lysoPC-P—putative lysophosphatidylcholine plasmalogen, lysoPE—lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysoPI—lysophosphatidylinositol, MS—multiple sclerosis, NAWM—normal appearing white matter, nCNS—normal central nervous system, NZ—natalizumab, OHC—hydroxycholesterol, OND—other neurological disease, PA—phosphatidylanisol, PC—phosphatidylcholine, PC-P—putative phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen, PD—Parkinson’s disease, PE-Nme—phosphtatidylethanolamine-N-methylethanolamine, PE—phosphatidylethanolamine, PE-P—putative phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen, PG—phosphatidylglycerol, PI—phosphatidylinositol, PPMS—primary progressive MS, PS—phosphatidylserine, RRMS—relapsing-remitting MS, S1P—sphingosine 1-phosphate, SM—sphingomyelin, Sph—sphingosine, SPMS—secondary progressive MS, SQDG—sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, TG—triacyloglycerol, WM—white matter.