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. 2021 Jul 10;13(14):3459. doi: 10.3390/cancers13143459

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Clinical Significance of EVs as Biomarkers. (A) Top 16 tumor types with genetic alterations in genes we found differentially expressed in macrophages by tumor Rab27a and CCL5. (B) Spearman correlation of genes regulated in macrophages by tumor Rab27a and CCL5 to CCL5 in all TCGA breast samples (N = 1100) (C) Expression heatmap of TCGA breast cancer patients for mRNAs induced in macrophages by tumor Rab27a and CCL5. Patients were clustered by co-expression in cBioPortal, and ER/PR status by IHC is shown. (D) Schematic depicting tumor CCL5 expression regulating EV stimulation of macrophages leading to secretion of CCL7, CSF2, IL-21R, IL7, CXCR4, CCL19, IFNG, and OPN, increasing tumor metastasis.