Table 3.
Amino acid sequences of recently elucidated seaweed-derived peptides and their bioactivities in vitro, in silico or in vivo.
| Seaweed | Extraction Method | Amino Acid Sequence | Bioactivity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| * † U. lactuca | Enzymatic (Papain), MWCO filtration, preparative RP-HPLC and in silico enzyme cleavage simulation | (i) Ala-Thr-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asn (ii) Ser-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ser-Gly-Ala-Ala (iii) Ala-Gly-Gly-Pro-Asn-Gln-Pro-Pro-Asn (iv) Ala-Ala-Asn-Ile-Thr-Val-Pro-Ala-Ala-Asn (v) Glu-Ala-Glu-Pro-Ala-Glu-Ala-Ala (vi) Gly-Ala-Ala-Pro-Thr-Pro-Pro-Ser-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ala-Thr-Lys-Pro-Ser-Thr-Pro-Pro-Lys-Pro-Pro-Thr (vii) Pro-Pro-Asn-Pro-Pro-Asn-Pro-Pro-Asn Amino acid sequences not defined: (a) crude seaweed protein (b) full peptide hydrolysate (c) 1 kDa-UFH (ultra-filtered hydrolysate) (d) 3 kDa-UFH (e) 10 kDa-UFH |
Peptides (i) to (vii) ACE-I, DPP-IV, and enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition (in silico predictive activity) In vitro ACE-I inhibitory activity (%) (all assayed at conc. of 1mg/mL): (a) crude seaweed protein 79.87 ± 0.18% (b) full peptide hydrolysate 82.37 ± 0.05% (c) 1 kDa-UFH (ultra-filtered hysrolysate) 93.03 ± 0.87% (d) 3 kDa-UFH 86.64 ± 2.17% (e) 10 kDa-UFH 88.12 ± 0.02% |
[9] |
| * P. palmata | Enzymatic (Papain) | Ile-Arg-Leu-Ile-Ile-Val-Leu-Met-Pro-Ile-Leu-Met-Ala | Renin inhibition (58.97 ± 1.26% inhibition in vitro at 1 mg/mL) |
[217] |
| * P. palmata | Enzymatic (Protease) | (i) Ile-Leu-Ala-Pro (ii) Leu-Leu-Ala-Pro (iii) Met-Ala-Gly-Val-Asp-His-Ile |
DPP-IV inhibition IC50 values in vitro: (i) 43.40 ± 1.40 μM (ii) 53.67 ± 0.82 μM (iii) 159.37 ± 13.67 μM |
[218] |
| * P. palmata | Enzymatic (Papain) | Asn-Ile-Gly-Lys | PAF-AH inhibition IC50 value in vitro 2.32 ± 2.12 mM |
[219] |
| * Porphyra (Laver—species not specified) | Enzymatic (Viscozyme, Alcalase, Neutrase, Pepsin and Trypsin) | (i) Gly-Gly-Ser-Lys (ii) Glu-Leu-Ser |
α-amylase inhibition IC50 values in vitro: (i) 2.58 ± 0.08 mM (ii) 2.62 ± 0.05 mM |
[220] |
| * P. palmata | Thermolysin hydrolysis | (i) Leu-Arg-Tyr (ii) Val-Tyr-Arg-Thr |
ACE-I inhibition IC50 values in vitro: (i) 0.044 μM (ii) 0.14 μM |
[228] |
| *,** U. pinnatifida | Enzymatic (Protease) | (i) Val-Tyr (ii) Ile-Tyr (iii) Phe-Tyr (iv) Ile-Trp (v) Ala-Trpvi) Val-Trp (vii) Leu-Trp |
ACE-I inhibition IC50 values in vitro: (i) 35.2 μM (ii) 6.1 μM (iii) 42.3 μM (iv) 1.5 μM (v) 18.8 μM(vi) 3.3 μM (vii) 23.6 μM In vivo antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (single oral dose, 1 mg/kg of BW). Blood pressure decreases (pre-administration vs. 9 h post): (i) Val-Tyr (228.2 ± 3.4 vs. 206.7 ± 9.5 mmHg) (p < 0.05) (ii) Ile-Tyr (205.6 ± 5.2 vs. 184.3 ± 4.5 mmHg) (p < 0.05) (iii) Phe-Tyr (208.7 ± 4.4 vs. 193.0 ± 5.1 (p < 0.01) (iv) Ile-Trp (213.3 ± 3.4 vs. 199.5 ± 5.9) (p < 0.05) |
[229] |
| * U. pinnatifida | Enzymatic (Pepsin) | (i) Ala-Ile-Tyr-Lys (ii) Tyr-Lys-Tyr-Tyr (iii) Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly (iv) Tyr-Asn-Lys-Leu |
ACE-I inhibition IC50 values in vitro:((i) 213 μM (ii) 64.2 μM (iii) 90.5 μM (iv) 21.0 μM |
[230] |
| * P. palmata | Enzymatic (Protease) | Ser-Asp-Ile-Thr-Arg-Pro-Gly-Gly-Asn-Met | Antioxidant activity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity 152.43 ± 2.73 nM Trolox equivalents (TE)/µmol peptide and ferric reducing antioxidant power activity 21.23 ± 0.90 nM TE/µmol peptide, |
[231] |
* = in vitro studies; ** = in vivo animal studies; † = in silico studies.