Table 1.
Overview of reported metabolite changes in the different diseases, used analytical methods and corresponding references.
| Ref. | Disease | Technique | Sample Type | Metabolite Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [46] | POP | GC/TOF-MS | Rat plasma | ↑ Arachidonic acid, octadecadienoic acid, valine, leucine, isoleucine, homocysteine, hydroxyproline, ketone bodies ↓ Docosahexaenoic acid, dodecanoic acid, lysine |
| [53] | POP | UPLC/Q-TOF-MS | Rat bone tissue | ↑ Lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, ceramide, phosphoserine ↓ Uridine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine, cytidine, phenylalanine, leucine, carnitine, proline, arginine |
| [101] | POP | 1H NMR | Rat urine | ↑ Trigonelline, phosphocreatine, pyruvate, methylamine, trimethylamine oxide ↓ Benzoic acid, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, threonic acid, alanine, leucine, 2-ketoglutarate, allantoin, acetate, formate |
| [47] | POP | GC/TOF-MS | Rat plasma | ↑ Arachidonic acid, homocysteine, homocysteine, ethanedioic acid↓ Alanine, malic acid, citric acid, fructose involved |
| [45] | POP | GC-MS | Women serum | ↑ Arachidonic acid, lysine, eicosadienoic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, allose, tryptophan ↓ Homoserine, 3-hydroxy-l-proline, pyruvic acid |
| [102] | POP | UPLC-Q-TOF/MS | Rat serum | ↑ Lysine, linoleic acid, hippuric acid, octadecadienoic acid, carnitine, glucose, arginine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, ornithine, tryptophan, arachidonic acid, methionyl-hydroxyproline ↓ Homoserine, 3-hydroxy-l-proline, pyruvic acid, citric acid, estriol, 8-HETE, uric acid, glutamine, glyceraldehyde, palmitic acid, 4-oxoretinol, taurocholic acid |
| [103] | DOP | NMR | Human plasma | ↑ Leucine, isoleucine valine, alanine, N-acetylglycoprotein, inositol, proline, glucose, glutamine, 1-methyl-histidine, tyrosine ↓ O-acetylglycoprotein, α-ketoglutaric acid, citrate, creatine |
| [83] | RA | NMR | Human synovial | ↑ Threonine, xanthine, methylsuccinate, glutamate, methylmalonate, taurine, lactate, pyruvate, propylene glycol, leucine, tyrosine, 3-hydroxybutyrate ↓ Creatinine, creatine, o-acetyl carnitine, L-carnitine, betaine, choline, formate, glycine, asparagine, formate, acetate, phenylalanine, succinate, pantothenate, fumarate, acetoacetate, acetone, lysine |
| [85] | RA | GC/TOF-MS | Human synoviocytes | ↑ Inosine, urate, guanine, behenic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidic acid, oleic acid, glucose-6-phosphate, phosphogluconic acid, aspartate, adipate, asparagine ↓ Isoleucine, leucine, leucine, histidine, valine, ornithine, lysine, methionine sulfoxide, tryptophan, mannitol, xylose |
| [104] | RA | LCMS | Human plasma | ↑ Kynurenine, indolelactic acid, hypoxanthine, cholesterol, triglyceride, lysophospatidylcholines ↓ Tryptophan, fatty acids, acylcarnitines |
| [105] | OA | MALDI-MSI | Human bone marrow MSCs | ↑ Arachidonic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol ↓ Myoinositol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, glutamine |
| [90] | OS | UHPLC-QE-MS | Human osteosarcoma stem cells | ↑ Aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine, arginine, ornithine, methionine, methylthioadenosine ↓ succinic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, oxoglutaric acid, ureidosuccinic acid |
| [106] | OS | UHPLC-HRMS | Human serum | ↑ Adenosine monophosphate, inosinic acid, guanosine monophosphate, hypoxanthine, lactic acid ↓ Uric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, testosterone sulfate, iminodiacetic acid, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid, decanoylcarnitine |
| [107] | OS | GC-MS | Human serum and urine | ↑ Cystine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, inosine, creatinine, putrescine, aspartate, proline, galactopyranose ↓ Malate, fumarate, pyruvate, lactate, sucrose, dodecanoate, glycerol phosphate, creatinine |
| [62] | Bone Injuries | UPLC-MS/MS | Trauma patient plasma | ↑ Myristoleate, hexadecadienoate, octadecadienedioate, choline phosphate, phosphoethanolamine, pregnenolone sulfate, cortisol, glycerol 3-phosphate, beta-citrylglutamate, trans-urocanate, kynurenate, cysteine, spermidine, cysteinyl glycine ↓ Decanoyl carnitine, 2-hydroxyheptanoate, 4-hydroxynonenal, glycerophosphoethanolamine, palmitoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol, stearoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol, cholate, n-acetylglutamine, pyroglutamine, tryptophan, cysteine s-sulfate |
| [108] | Bone Injuries | LC-MS/MS | Human bone marrow plasma | ↑ Kynurenine |
POP = postmenopausal osteoporosis; DOP = diabetic osteoporosis; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; OA = osteoarthritis; OS = osteosarcoma.