A2A	adenosine receptor
A3	adenosine receptor
ADSCs	adipose-derived stem cells
ALP/alp	alkaline phosphatase protein/gene
Alk2	activin receptor-like kinase-2
Alk3	activin receptor-like kinase-3
Alk6	activin receptor-like kinase-6
APC	adenomatous polyposis coli
BM-MSCs	bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
BMPs	bone morphogenetic proteins
BMP RI	bone morphogenetic protein receptor I
BPS	bone sialoprotein
CD31	cluster of differentiation 31
CK1	casein kinase 1
c-fms	colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor
CNS	central nervous system
COL1/col1	collagen type 1 protein/gene
DSH	disheveled
EF	electrical stimulation
ELF-PEMF	extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
FGF-2	fibroblast growth factor 2
Fz	frizzled
GH	growth hormone
GHR	growth hormone receptor
GSK3	glycogen synthase kinase 3
hBMSCs	human bone marrow stromal cells
HUVECs	human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IGF	insulin-like growth factor
IGFBP	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein
JAK	janus kinase
KDR/Flk-1	phosphorylated vegf receptor 2
LAP	latency-associated propeptide
LEF	lymphoid enhancer factor family
LIPUS	low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
LRP	low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein
LTBP	latent TGF-β binding protein
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCSF	monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
mTOR	mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
NF-kB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NICD	notch intracellular domain
NSP	notch signaling pathway
OCN/ocn	osteocalcin protein/gene
OPN/opn	osteopontin protein/gene
OSX/osx	osterix protein/gene
PCP	planar cell polarity
PEMFs	pulsed electromagnetic fields
PI3K/Akt/mTOR	phosphoinositide 3-kinases/akt/mammalian target of rapamycin
PKA	protein kinase A
PP2A	protein phosphatase 2 A
PTH	parathyroid hormone
RANK	receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B
RANK-L	nuclear factor kappa B ligand
RUNX-2/runx-2	runt-related transcription factor 2 protein/gene
SAPK/JNK	stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
SMAD	small mothers against decapentaplegic
SOCS	suppression of cytokine signaling
SOST	sclerostin
STAT	signal transducer activating the transcription
TCF	T cell factor
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TGF-β R I	transforming growth factor-β receptor I
TGF-β R II	transforming growth factor-β receptor II
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR-2	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2