Comparative activity of the pEF1α promoter with that of the CAG promoter in regulating an immunomodulatory gene in different types of porcine cells. (A) Schematic of the cassettes for HLA-Ecw0304 and B2M (HLA-E) co-expression. Comparative expression of mRNA levels (B) and protein levels (C) of HLA-E in PEFs, -15 cells, and PAECs. pEF1α, porcine elongation factor 1α; HLA-E, human leukocyte antigen E; F2A, 2A self-cleaving peptides; B2M, β-2 microglobulin; p(A), poly A; Neo®®, neomycin resistance. PEFs, porcine ear skin fibroblasts; PAECs, porcine aortic endothelial cells. ***, p < 0.001.