Table 3.

Different categories of antibiofilm agents with examples and reported mechanism of action against S. aureus biofilm.

Antimicrobial Agents	Examples	Mechanism of Action Against S. aureus Biofilm
AMPs	NA-CATH: ATRA1-ATRA1	Prevention of gene expression that encodes the formation of biofilm-related proteins. Attachment to eDNA
Functional Excipients	D-amino acids	Disruption of eDNA
Plant Extracts and Essential Oils	Garlic and ginseng extracts	Disruption of bacterial quorum sensing
	Melaleuca bracteate leaves oil	Inhibition of biofilm-related proteins formation and disruption of quorum sensing
Enzymes	DNase I, Dispersin B	Degradation of eDNA
	a-amylase	Degradation of exopolysaccharides
Nanoparticles	Silver, zinc oxide	Unknown
Antibiotics	Azithromycin	Inhibition of EPS related proteins formation and disruption of quorum sensing
	Ciprofloxacin, rifampin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, etc.	Except azithromycin, mechanism of action for antibiofilm activity of most of these antibiotics is not fully understood
Ionophores		Unknown