Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies.
| Davis, Marra, Robertson, Khan, Najafzadeh, Ashe and Liu-Ambrose [76], 2011 1 | Liang, Wang, Jiang, Tan and Yang [77], 2020 | Liu-Ambrose, Khan, Eng, Janssen, Lord and McKay [78], 2004 | Tuunainen, Rasku, Jäntti, Moisio-Vilenius, Mäkinen, Toppila and Pyykkö [80], 2013 | Woo, Hong, Lau and Lynn [79], 2007 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | ||||||
| Age (years; mean ± SD) | 70 ± 0 | 69 ± 3 | 87 ± 5 | 80 ± 2 | 85 ± 6 | 69 ± 3 |
| Sex | 100% female | 100% female | 37% female | 100% female | 66% female | 50% female |
| Intervention participants (n) | 54 | 52 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 60 |
| Comparator participants (n) | 49 | 30 | 66 | 37 | 120 | |
| Training status | 116.2 ± 61.4 2 | 121.2 ± 60.4 2 | 3.8 ± 1.8 3 | 98.0 ± 51.8 2 | Not reported | Physically active |
| Intervention country | Canada | China | Canada | Finland | China | |
| Single/multicenter | Multi (community-dwelling) | Single (post-acute care unit in a public hospital) | Multi (community-dwelling) | Single (residential facility) | Multi (community-dwelling) | |
| Interventions | ||||||
| Days | 365 | 365 | 84 | 175 | 91 | 365 |
| Follow-up | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 3 years | Not reported | |
| Weekly frequency | 1× | 2× | 2× | 2× | 2× | 3× |
| Type of ST | ST | ST | ST | ST | ST | ST |
| Volume | 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions each (2-min rest between sets) | 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | 3 repetitions and after 9th training session with 2 sets of 10–20 repetitions | 1 set of 30 repetitions |
| Exercises | (n = 10) 4 | (n = 10) 4 | (n = 7) 5 | (n = 10) 6 | (n = 11) 7 | (n = 6) 8 |
| Intensity | High and increased using the 7-RM method | High and increased using the 7-RM method | 70–80% of 1-RM | High and increased using the 7-RM method | Progressive intensity | Medium and not progressive |
| Duration | 60 min | 60 min | 55 min | 50 min | 60 min | Not reported |
| Prescription | Individualized | Individualized | Individualized | Individualized | Individualized | Group-based |
| Professional qualification of supervisors | ST certified (fitness coach) | ST certified (fitness coach) | No ST certified (physiotherapist) | ST certified (fitness coach) | ST certified (physiotherapist) | Not reported |
| Supervision ratio | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 1:2 | 1:2.5 | Not reported |
| Attendance rates | 71% | 70% | Not reported | 85% | Not reported | 76% |
| Funding sources | ||||||
| Vancouver Foundation, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility | National Key R&D Program of China | Vancouver Foundation | EU PROFANE and the Pirkanmaa Cultural and Science Foundation | Council of Hong Kong |
||
| Conflicts of interest | ||||||
| None | None | Not reported | None | None | ||
1 part of the results by Davis, Marra, Robertson, Khan, Najafzadeh, Ashe and Liu-Ambrose [76] were reported in the study by Liu-Ambrose T, Nagamatsu LS, Graf P, Beattie BL, Ashe MC, Handy TC. ST and executive functions: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010 Jan 25;170(2):170-8, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.494; 2 Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score. The total score of PASE ranged from 0 (worst) to 793 (best) points; 3 Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, which is a valid tool for assessing lower extremity function. The total score of the SPPB ranged from 0 (worst) to 12 (best) points; 4 machine-based exercises consisted of biceps curl, triceps extension, seated row, latissimus pull-down, leg press, hamstring curl, calf raise, mini-squat, mini-lunge and lunge walk (n = 10); 5 leg press, leg extension and flexion, leg abduction and adduction, chest press and seated row (n = 7); 6 same exercises as in number 4 (n = 10); 7 standing up exercises, squats, three repeats of side steps to the left and right, standing on tiptoes, and alternatingly raising both knees with the support of a parallel bar (from the 6th training session onwards: 1.2 kg weights were fixed to the ankles), whilst standing, exercises included knee raising and extension, adduction and abduction of the lower limbs on training equipment with extra resistance, squat to standing, and exercises on a stepper board (from the 19th training session onwards: training to walk up a staircase was added) (n = 11); 8 a theraband of medium resistance was used, with 30 repetitions of the following exercise: arm lifting, hip abduction, heel raise, hip flexion, hip extension, squatting ankle dorsiflexion (n = 6). SD—standard deviation. ST—strength training. RM—repetition maximum.