Table 2.

In vivo and in vitro research update (studies published in 2020) on anthocyanins and their anti-inflammatory effects in pathological conditions.

Disorder/Substances	In Vitro or In Vivo Model		Mode of Action	References
Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Delta-tocotrienol, (DT3), and tart cherry anthocyanins (TCA)	3T3-L1 adipocytes	↓	IL-6 secretion and expression from adipocytes Down-regulation of Mip2, and COX-2 mediated via the NFkB	Harlan et al. [78]
cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	Murine 3T3-L1 hypertrophic adipocytes		Modulating the expression of the PPAR-ɣ, Inhibiting the inflammatory pathway modulated by NF-κB	Molonia et al. [79]
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside	Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) rats	↓ ↑ ↓	IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 SOD activity MAD Suppressive effect on PAH progression	Ouyang et al. [80]
Diabetes
Padus racemose Anthocyanins	H2 O2 -induced rat insulinoma (INS-1) pancreatic cells damage		inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB	Liu et al. [81]
Hypercholestrolemia and Hepatic Inflammation
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)	Rats fed high-fat and high-choline diets	↓ ↓ ↓	cecal TMA and serum oxidized TMAO, TC, LDL mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes including NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 protein expression of NF-κB and COX-2 in liver tissue	Lim et al. [82]
Cancer
rice bran, cyanidin 3-glucoside	Human prostatic cancer (PC3) cells	↓ ↑	expression of Smad/Snail signaling molecules expression of cell surface protein, E-cadherin Inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 and NF-κB Mediating Snail/E-cadherin expression	Jongsomchai et al. [73]
Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (Meoru in Korea)	MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells	↑	Inhibiting Akt and NF-κB activity Cisplatin (anti-cancer drug) sensitivity	Paramananthm et al. [72]
Dark Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)	MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells and athymic mice xenografted with MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells	↑	Bax/Bcl-2 ratio Activation of MAPKs ERK1/2 and p38 Down-regulation of total oncogenic and stress-related Akt	Layosa et al. Noratto et al. [74,75]
Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (Meoru in Korea)	Hep3B Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells		Inhibition of the activation NF-κB and suppressed the NF-κB-regulated proteins, Inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis	Kim et al. [76]
Gastric Ulcer
Dried acai berries extract (Euterpe oleracea)	Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats	↑ ↓	GSH content and GST and CAT activity MPO activity, TNF-a	Cury et al. [83]
Neuroinflammation
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae)	Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease in mice	↓ ↓	TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β Elevated MDA and MPO Reverse up-regulation in the amyloidogenic pathway	El-Shiekh et al. [84]
Delphinidin	Alzheimer’s disease model in rats	↓ ↓	AChE, APP, and Aβ ROS overproduction in hippocampus	Heysieattalab et al. [85]
Portugal Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L)	Mouse microglia N9 cell line	↓ ↓ ↓ ↑	Suppression of NF-kB and STAT1 NO, PGE2, COX-2 TNF-α Intracellular Production of ROS GSH	Serra et al. [51]
Cataract
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	High glucose-induced lens epithelial cell (SRA01/04)		Inhibition SRA01/04 cell apoptosis Regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio Suppression of NF-κB activation and subsequent Cox-2 expression	Song et al. [54]

↑—increase, ↓—decrease, Aβ—amyloid beta, AChE—acetylcholinesterase, Akt—protein kinase B, APP—amyloid precursor protein, Bax/Bcl—Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma protein ratio, CAT—catalase, COX—cyclooxygenase, GSH—reduced glutathione GST—glutathione S—transferases, IL—interleukin, MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAD—malondialdehyde, Mip2—macrophage inflammatory protein 2, MPO—metalloproteinase NFkB—nuclear-factor κB, PAH—pulmonary artery hypertension, PGE— prostaglandins, PPAR-ɣ—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma, ROS—reactive oxygen species, SOD—superoxide dismutase, STAT1—signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, TMA-trimethylamine, TMO—trimethylamine-N-oxide.