Table 2.
Changes in the studied parameters within groups at different times, expressed as mean ± SE.
| Parameters | Synbiotic (N = 36) | p-Value | Placebo (N = 36) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 Weeks | Baseline | 12 Weeks | |||
| Body weight, cm | 69.09 ± 1.90 | 67.45 ± 1.85 | <0.001 * | 68.17 ± 1.63 | 67.71 ± 1.71 | 0.067 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.97 ± 0.77 | 28.58 ± 0.75 | 0.017 * | 30.01 ± 0.47 | 30.13 ± 0.58 | 0.662 |
| Body fat, % | 33.09 ± 1.18 | 31.96 ± 1.20 | 0.043 * | 35.36 ± 0.87 | 36.27 ± 1.22 | 0.310 |
| Visceral fat, % | 14.18 ± 0.88 | 13.85 ± 0.79 | 0.162 | 15.36 ± 0.43 | 15.56 ± 0.52 | 0.445 |
| Muscle, % | 56.48 ± 3.85 | 56.08 ± 3.81 | 0.284 | 59.19 ± 1.44 | 59.01 ± 1.42 | 0.860 |
| BMR (kcal) | 1409.42 ± 31.93 | 1411.27 ± 29.61 | 0.898 | 1323.04 ± 23.86 | 1309.68 ± 24.87 | 0.102 |
| Arm circumference, cm | 30.71 ± 0.49 | 30.59 ± 0.57 | 0.808 | 30.62 ± 0.48 | 30.51 ± 0.53 | 0.795 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94.73 ± 1.92 | 92.76 ± 1.84 | 0.009 * | 95.79 ± 1.34 | 95.34 ± 1.45 | 0.648 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 103.09 ± 1.38 | 102.50 ± 1.30 | 0.419 | 104.33 ± 1.10 | 103.84 ± 1.31 | 0.705 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.018 * | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.961 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.97 ± 8.40 | 195.50 ± 6.48 | 0.171 | 203.30 ± 8.11 | 199.97 ± 7.67 | 0.626 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 150.24 ± 16.04 | 145.97 ± 14.66 | 0.469 | 148.64 ± 11.04 | 149.88 ± 11.20 | 0.893 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.21 ± 2.42 | 53.10 ± 2.53 | 0.030 * | 50.42 ± 1.47 | 50.91 ± 2.56 | 0.813 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 123.93 ± 8.61 | 112.66 ± 6.62 | 0.017 * | 123.35 ± 7.35 | 116.48 ± 7.06 | 0.295 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 111.79 ± 7.44 | 109.00 ± 6.02 | 0.373 | 109.68 ± 6.76 | 118.18 ± 6.89 | 0.084 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 11.65 ± 1.17 | 7.24 ± 1.63 | 0.017 * | 11.84 ± 0.49 | 11.82 ± 1.16 | 0.116 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 1.04 ± 0.19 | 9.91 ± 2.04 | 0.018 * | 1.56 ± 0.13 | 9.20 ± 5.00 | 0.153 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 7.79 ± 0.76 | 5.42 ± 0.80 | 0.008 * | 6.97 ± 0.64 | 6.29 ± 0.39 | 0.117 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 13.75 ± 2.93 | 7.59 ± 1.54 | 0.011 * | 9.25 ± 0.90 | 9.22 ± 0.56 | 0.679 |
| IgA (ng/mL) | 521.02 ± 69.33 | 636.48 ± 79.23 | 0.004 * | 579.40 ± 54.02 | 504.73 ± 60.96 | 0.877 |
| hsCRP (ml/L) | 0.017 ± 0.006 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.086 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 0.078 |
| LPS (pg/mL) | 108.99 ± 9.62 | 55.00 ± 6.09 | <0.001 * | 93.92 ± 7.87 | 81.42 ± 6.18 | 0.054 |
| ZO-1 (ng/mL) | 1.37 ± 0.17 | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 0.032 * | 1.42 ± 0.17 | 1.41 ± 0.16 | 0.551 |
* = Significant difference in p-value at 95% confidence interval. HDL = High-Density Lipoprotein; LDL = Low-Density Lipoprotein; FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar; IL = Interleukin; TNF-α = Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; IgA = Immunoglobulin A; hsCRP = High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; LPS = Lipopolysaccharide; ZO = zonulin.