Table 3.
Changes in the studied parameters within groups at different times, expressed as mean ± SE.
| Parameters | Synbiotic (N = 36) | p-Value | Placebo (N = 36) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 Weeks | Baseline | 12 Weeks | |||
| Lactulose | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | <0.001 * | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.135 |
| Lactulose/mannitol ratio | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.072 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.315 |
| QA (ng/mL) | 23.53 ± 2.42 | 13.75 ± 1.71 | <0.001 * | 22.44 ± 1.69 | 24.25 ± 1.46 | 0.375 |
| 5-HIAA (mg/L) | 5.04 ± 1.12 | 9.61 ± 1.95 | 0.051 | 4.00 ± 0.66 | 4.95 ± 0.93 | 0.642 |
| QA/5-HIAA Ratio | 3.14 ± 1.60 | 1.04 ± 0.46 | 0.008 * | 5.76 ± 2.23 | 4.71 ± 1.77 | 0.756 |
| Cresol (umol/g sample) | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.017 * | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.225 |
| Indole (umol/g sample) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.035 * | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.18 |
| Skatole (umol/g sample) | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.285 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.285 |
| Butyric acid (mmol/g sample) | 38.01 ± 8.59 | 93.80 ± 18.96 | 0.002 * | 46.40 ± 12.29 | 80.03 ± 32.27 | 0.311 |
| Propionic acid (mmol/g sample) | 259.16 ± 38.67 | 624.12 ± 82.82 | <0.001 * | 209.44 ± 72.32 | 466.52 ± 178.52 | 0.124 |
| Acetic acid (mmol/g sample) | 202.63 ± 37.70 | 425.89 ± 50.86 | <0.001 * | 206.56 ± 61.60 | 400.27 ± 69.40 | 0.161 |
| Lactic acid (mmol/g sample) | 54.42 ± 17.98 | 175.81 ± 36.88 | 0.002 * | 92.11 ± 53.12 | 140.03 ± 57.00 | 0.866 |
| TAC (µmol/mL) | 0.195 ± 0.003 | 0.200 ± 0.011 | 0.664 | 0.180 ± 0.012 | 0.193 ± 0.008 | 0.08 |
| MDA (µmol/mL) | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.09 | 0.301 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.157 |
| GSH (µg/mL) | 44.99 ± 17.46 | 30.98 ± 10.63 | 0.075 | 24.87 ± 6.86 | 17.29 ± 8.83 | 0.08 |
| Total SOD (Units/mL enzyme) | 56.91 ± 5.52 | 57.30 ± 6.28 | 0.854 | 54.01 ± 11.78 | 59.29 ± 7.24 | 0.492 |
| Cu,Zn-SOD (Units/mL enzyme) | 16.93 ± 3.13 | 44.57 ± 17.96 | 0.345 | 35.28 ± 7.34 | 39.49 ± 19.28 | 0.686 |
* = Significant difference in p-value at 95% confidence interval. QA = Quinolinic acid; 5-HIAA = 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid; TAC = Total Antioxidant Capacity; MDA = Malondialdehyde; GSH = Glutathione Reduced; SOD = Superoxide Dismutase.