Table 4.
Comparison of the changes in studied parameters between groups. Changes represent the difference between baseline and at the end of the study.
| Parameters | Baseline–12 Weeks | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Synbiotic (N = 36) | Placebo (N = 36) | ||
| Body weight, cm | −1.64 | −0.46 | 0.002 * |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | −0.39 | 0.13 | 0.128 |
| Body fat, % | −1.13 | 0.92 | 0.068 |
| Visceral fat, % | −0.32 | 0.19 | 0.242 |
| Muscle, % | −0.40 | −0.18 | 0.448 |
| BMR (kcal) | 1.85 | −13.36 | 0.483 |
| Arm circumference, cm | −0.12 | −0.11 | 0.809 |
| Waist circumference, cm | −1.97 | −0.45 | 0.113 |
| Hip circumference, cm | −0.59 | −0.49 | 0.51 |
| Waist/hip ratio | −0.014 | 0.001 | 0.604 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −5.47 | −3.33 | 0.695 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | −4.28 | 1.24 | 0.521 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 2.9 | 0.48 | 0.066 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | −11.28 | −6.87 | 0.599 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | −2.79 | 8.5 | 0.043 * |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | −4.41 | −0.02 | 0.010 * |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 8.87 | 7.64 | 0.142 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | −2.37 | −0.69 | 0.041 * |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | −6.16 | −0.04 | 0.005 * |
| IgA (ng/mL) | 115.46 | −74.67 | 0.049 * |
| hsCRP (ml/L) | −0.009 | 0.003 | 0.002 * |
| LPS (pg/mL) | −53.99 | −12.50 | 0.002 * |
| ZO-1 (ng/mL) | −0.39 | −0.01 | 0.061 |
* = Significant difference in p-value at 95% confidence interval. HDL = High-Density Lipoprotein; LDL = Low-Density Lipoprotein; FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar; IL = Interleukin; TNF-α = Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; IgA = Immunoglobulin A; hsCRP = High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; LPS = Lipopolysaccharide; ZO = zonulin.