Figure 3.

Toxic compounds, pathomechanisms, and adverse health effects of smoking as summarized from human and animal studies: The major toxicants (red and bold = high quantity, black = intermediate quantity) that are associated with smoking are listed along with a schematic description of the specific features of a tobacco cigarette. The molecular link between these toxicants and major damage markers reported for smoking with respect to oxidative stress is shown on the left side. The effects of these toxicants on endothelial (vascular) function are summarized in the inserted scheme. The associated adverse health effects as well as antioxidant interventions are also shown. Modified from Münzel et al. [41] with permission. Copyright © 2020, Oxford University Press.