Table 1.
Experimental studies on the effect of exercise against chemotherapy-induced cachectic myopathy.
| Study | Animal Information | Exercise Modality | Chemotherapy Model | Key Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smuder et al., 2011 [63] |
6-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats | TR: F: 5 days; I: 30 m/min; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 20 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 24 h post-IPI. |
TR normalised oxidative stress and damage, calpain activity and proteolysis of actin in SOL muscles. |
| Smuder et al., 2011 [64] |
6-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats | TR: F: 5 days; I: 30 m/min; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 20 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 24 h post-IPI. | TR normalised autophagy activity in SOL muscles. |
| Bredahl et al., 2016 [134] |
Male Sprague-Dawley rats. Age not specified | 1. TR with progressive overload: F: 5 days/week, for 10 weeks; I: 20 to 30 m/min; D: 20 to 60 min/day; T: incline 0 to 18°. 2. CHL: Progressive food and water elevation to stimulate voluntary bi-pedal standing or jumping [162]. |
1 × IPI 15 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 5 days post-IPI. | TR was not protective against body mass loss and exacerbated EDL muscle mass loss. RT did not alter body or skeletal muscle mass but prevented SOL contractile dysfunction. |
| Kavazis et al., 2014 [135] |
6-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats | TR: F: 5 days; I: 30 m/min; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 20 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 24 h post-IPI. | TR normalised MuRF-1 and myostatin expression. |
| Mackay et al., 2019 [136] |
5-week-old male C57BL/6 mice | TR: F: 5 days; I: 70% of maximal speed; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 15 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 72 h post-IPI. | TR partially mitigated body mass loss. TR did not modulate DOX-induced iron dysregulation. |
| Morton et al., 2019 [137] |
6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats | TR: F: 10 days; I: 30 m/min; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 20 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 48 h post-IPI. | TR normalised DIA CSA, oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial accumulation of DOX. |
| Huertas et al., 2020 [138] |
6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats | TR: F: 5 days/week, for 2 weeks; I: 30 m/min; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 20 mg/kg of DOX post-exercise. Harvest 48 h post-IPI. | TR normalised SOL dysfunction and the transcription of AChR isoforms, δ and γ. |
| Dickinson et al., 2017 [140] |
8-week-old ovariectomised female Sprague–Dawley rats |
TR with progressive overload: F: 5 days/week, for 7 weeks, starting 1-week pre-IPI and finishing 5 days post-IPI; I: 20 to 25 m/min; D: 30–40 min/day; T: 0 to 10° incline. | 1 × IPI every 2 weeks, for 4 weeks of 4 mg/kg DOX. Harvested 5 days post-IPI. | Normalised REDD1 expression. No effect on body mass or SOL muscle mass. |
| de Lima et al., 2018 [141] |
8–10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice | TR: F: 5 days/week, for 6 weeks; I: 60% of maximal speed D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 2 × IPI per week for 6 weeks of 2.5 mg/kg DOX. Harvest not described relative to final IPI. | TR did not mitigate glucose intolerance, reduced body or GSN mass or protein synthesis. However, TR normalised corticosterone levels, autophagy activity and ambulatory function. |
| Hojman et al., 2014 [142] |
8–12-week-old female NMRI mice | VWR: VEH: 60–80 km/mouse/week; CDDP: 10–50 km/mouse/week. | 1 × IPI per week of 4 mg/kg CDDP for 6 weeks. Harvest 7 days post final-IPI. | VWR partially mitigated the loss of lean and TA mass and reduced atrogene expression. Did not protect against body or fat mass loss. |
| Sakai et al., 2017 [78] | 8–9-week-old male C57BL/6 mice | TR: F: once a day for 9 days–5 days/week pre-CDDP and 4 days/week during CDDP week; I: 15 m/min; D: 20 min/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI 3 mg/kg CDDP daily for 4 days. Harvest 24 h post-IPI. | TR did not alter body mass loss, but partially normalised QD mass and CSA, and atrogene expression. |
| de Lima et al., 2020 [143] |
8–10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with LLC [163] | TR: F: 5 days/week, for 2–3 weeks; I: 60% of maximal speed; D: 60 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 2 × IPI per week for 6 weeks of 2.5 mg/kg DOX. Harvest 24 h or 1-week post-IPI. | TR did not alter body mass, but enhanced GSN re-growth, normalised inflammation and atrogene expression, and enhanced tumour volume reduction. |
| Ballaro et al., 2019 [89] |
6-week-old female Balb/c mice with c26 [164] | MWR: F: once a day, with 3 days on followed by 1 day of rest for 4 weeks; I: 11 m/min; D: 45 mins/day; T: 0° incline. | 1 × IPI per week of OXA 6 mg/kg and 5FU 50 mg/kg, for 3 weeks starting at day 7 of tumour implantation. Harvest 7 days post final IPI. | MWR did not alter GSN mass, but normalised atrogene expression and mitochondrial perturbations. |
Abbreviations: 5FU: 5-fluorouracil; AChR; acetylcholine receptor; c26: c26 adenocarcinoma model; CDDP: cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin); CHL: chronic hind-limb loading; CSA: cross-sectional area; DIA: diaphragm; DOX: doxorubicin; D: duration; EDL extensor digitorum longus; F: frequency; GSN: gastrocnemius; I: intensity; IPI: intraperitoneal injection; LLC: Lewis-lung carcinoma model; MWR: motorised wheel running; OXA: oxaliplatin; QD: quadriceps; REDD1: regulated in development and DNA damage response 1; SOL: soleus; T: type; TA: tibialis anterior; TR: treadmill running; VWR: voluntary wheel running.