3-MA	3-methyladenine
AFLP	amplified fragment length polymorphism
ATR-FTIR	attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared
B12	vitamin B12
CESA	cellulose synthase
CoA	coenzyme A (acyl-CoA)
CoASH	coenzyme A not attached to acyl group
CSC	cellulose synthase complex
cwm1	cell wall maintainer1
cwm2	cell wall maintainer2
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular pattern
DArTseqMet	diversity arrays technology methylation analysis
DNMT	DNA methyltransferase
dSAM	decarboxylated SAM
ER stress	endoplasmic reticulum stress
ET	endogenous ethylene
ETC	electron transport chain ETC
exDNA	extracellular DNA
GBSSI	granule-bound starch synthase I
Glc	glucose
GTs	glycosyltransferases
HKMT	histone lysine methyl-transferase
MAPK	mitogen-activation protein kinase
metAFLP	methylation sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism
MIK2	leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase LRR-RK male discoverer 1-interacting receptor-like kinase 2
MLGs	mixed-linkage glucans MLGs
MS	methionine synthesis
MSAP	methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism
MTA	5′-methyl thioadenosine
NAD	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH	1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NGS	next generation sequencing
PCD	programmed cell death
PM	plasma membrane
PRMT	protein arginine N-methyltransferase
RAPD	randomly amplified polymorphic DNA
RFLP	restriction fragment length polymorphisms
ROS	reactive oxygen species
Rubisco	ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase⁄oxygenase (Rubisco)
SAH	S-adenosylhomocysteine
SAMe	S-adenosyl-L-methionine
SEM	structural equation modeling
SNPs	single nucleotide polymorphisms
SV	somaclonal variation
TCIV	tissue-culture-induced variation
THE1	receptor-like protein kinase THESEUS 1