Table 2.

Review of pre-analytical target enrichment methods using adhesion receptor interactions to detect infection. Note that samples mostly consisted of artificially spiked materials. Hence, most of the tests target bacteria. The test costs could not be compared, as data were frequently missing. (LPS: Lipo-Poly-Saccharide; LTA: Lipo-Teichoic Acid).

Device	Enrichment Technique	Target	Detection Method	Limit of Detection	Time	Reference
3D printed microfluidic biosensor	Aptamer coated magnetic beads with magnetic separation	Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) enzyme	Colorimetric	Parasitemia < 0.01%	180 min	[109]
Enzyme-linked LTF assay (ELLTA)	Long tail fibers (S16 LTF) of bacteriophages immobilized onto paramagnetic beads	Salmonella typhimurium	Colorimetric	102 cfu/mL	2 h	[110]
Assay	Magnetic beads coated with the engineered chimeric human opsonin protein, Fc-mannose-binding lectin (FcMBL)	Articular fluid samples and synovial tissue samples from patients with S. aureus infections	RT-PCR analysis and MALDI-TOF	76% ± 5.7% capture efficiency	-	[111]
Assay	Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with bacterial species-identifiable aptamers	S. aureus and E. coli	Fluorescence microscopy	10 CFU	1.5 h	[112]
Microfluidic platform	Induced advectivespiral flows of super-paramagnetic nanoparticles coated with mannose-binding lectin and magnetic separation	E. coli spiked into undiluted rat whole blood	None	91.68% ± 2.18% capture efficiency	-	[113]
3D Nano-biointerface platform	Zinc oxide nanorod array 3D nano–bio surface functionalized with lectin Concanavalin A	E. coli	Fluorescence microscopy imaging	0.9 × 102 CFU/mL	-	[114]
Nanowire arrays	Functionalized 3D nanowire substrate	S. aureus	Fluorescence microscopy	10 CFU/mL	30 min	[115]
Nanowire arrays	Bendable polycrystalline nanowires pre-grafted on 3D carbon foam	Human blood spiked with Salmonella spp	Fluorescence microscopy	~97% capture efficiency	-	[116]
Impedanceelectrode sensor	Antibacterial prickly Zn-CuO nanoparticles with burr-like nanostructures	Rat blood spiked with E. coli	Impedance-based electrode sensor	10 CFU/mL	20 min	[117]
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Multi-Multifunction Chip	4-mercaptophenylboronic acid	Humanblood spiked with E.coli, S. aureus	Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering	1.0 × 102 cells m/L	-	[118]
Photoelectrochemical platform	4-mercaptophenylboronic acid	E. coli	Photoelectrode	46 CFU/mL	30 min	[119]
Microfluidic platform	Magainin 1 peptide	urine spiked with Salmonella spp; Brucella spp	Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) sensor	5 CFU/mL urine for Salmonella; 10 CFU/mL for Brucella	60 min	[120]
Microfluidic chip	Bulk acoustophoresis	diluted whole blood spiked with Pseudomonas putida	Microscopy	-	12.5 min	[121]
Microfluidic chip	Bulk acoustophoresis	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli	Luminescent bacterio-phage assay	45% to 60% capture efficiency	-	[122]
Microfluidic capillaric circuit	Antibody-functionalized microbeads	synthetic urine spiked with E. coli	Fluorescence microscopy	1.2 × 102 CFU/mL	7 min	[123]
Microfluidic chip	Pillar-assisted self-assembly microparticles Nano- filter for	E. coli from samples	Fluorescence microscopy	capture efficiency of 93%	-	[124]
Reusable supramolecular platform	Multilayered film and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives modified with mannose	Type I fimbriae E. coli and lectin proteins	Fluorescence microscopy	Capture efficiency of 93%	-	[125]
Photonic PCR on a chip	Gravity-driven cell enrichment	E. coli	Photonic PCR on a chip	103 CFU/mL	10 min	[126]
Enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assay (ELLecSA)	Fc-mannose-binding lectin	Bacteria, fungi, virus, parasites. LPS, LTA from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as lipo-arabino-mannan (LAM) and phosphatidyl-inositol mannoside from M. tuberculosis	Scanning electron microscopy	-	<1 h	[114]
Fluorometric assay	Two distinct terminal phosphate-labeled LPS specific aptamers attached onto Zr-MOFs to fabricate the magnetic core-shell for magnetic separation	Acinetobacter baumannii in blood samples	Fluorescent signal amplification by fluorescence probes	10 cfu/mL	~2.5 h	[127]