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. 2021 Jul 16;18(14):7576. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147576

Table 3.

Associations of physical fitness at 6.6 years (final year of kindergarten) with cognitive abilities at 7.6 years (1st grade at school) in kindergarten MVPA-based children of lower (25%) and upper (75%) quartiles.

Cognitive Abilities at 7.6 Years
Lower Quartile Upper Quartile
Conceptual Skills Verbal Abilities Perception Conceptual Skills Verbal Abilities Perception
Physical fitness at 6.6 years AdjR2 β AdjR2 β AdjR2 β AdjR2 β AdjR2 β AdjR2 β
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Model 1 0.047 0.307 −0.010 0.200 0.112 0.395 −0.006 0.224 −0.059 0.008 −0.047 0.104
Model 2 −0.137 0.585 −0.126 0.065 0.362 0.645 0.292 0.363 0.011 0.207 0.536 0.375 *
Model 3 0.040 0.940 0.550 −0.096 0.222 0.001 0.668 0.651 0.844 −0.036 * 0.661 0.048
Model 4 −0.076 0.872 0.615 −0.178 0.082 0.046 0.596 0.575 0.794 −0.022 0.606 0.358
Grip-to-BMI ratio
Model 1 −0.038 −0.117 −0.016 −0.186 −0.033 0.138 −0.005 −0.225 −0.044 0.119 −0.043 −0.121
Model 2 −0.394 −0.059 −0.108 −0.196 0.189 0.511 0.125 −0.095 −0.004 −0.189 0.389 0.188
Model 3 −0.483 −0.196 0.773 0.567 * 0.261 0.234 0.178 0.311 0.857 0.107 * 0.842 0.469 *
Model 4 −0.591 −0.263 0.831 0.523 * 0.143 0.268 0.160 0.195 0.819 0.130 0.840 0.521
Grip-to-FFM ratio
Model 1 −0.040 −0.145 0.032 −0.298 0.025 0.287 −0.037 −0.155 0.014 −0.269 −0.050 −0.109
Model 2 −0.313 0.176 −0.188 −0.226 0.293 0.166 0.394 −0.186 0.047 −0.434 0.266 0.071
Model 3 0.927 −0.019 −0.498 0.979 0.713 −0.141 0.194 0.142 0.801 0.073 0.931 0.585 *
Model 4 0.910 0.257 −0.002 0.921 0.976 −0.999 0.194 0.142 0.801 0.073 0.931 0.585 *
SLJ-to-BMI ratio
Model 1 −0.026 0.158 −0.042 −0.101 0.064 0.333 −0.032 −0.170 0.039 −0.150 −0.058 0.063
Model 2 −0.394 0.049 0.046 −0.431 0.408 0.619 0.119 −0.059 0.062 −0.273 0.356 0.085
Model 3 −0.391 −0.373 0.568 −0.165 0.467 0.536 0.065 −0.064 0.874 0.126 * 0.823 0.360 *
Model 4 −0.538 −0.328 0.131 −0.126 0.364 0.518 0.177 0.175 0.832 0.126 0.777 0.379
SLJ-to-FFM ratio
Model 1 0.033 0.300 −0.050 −0.109 0.134 0.430 0.099 0.394 0.060 −0.345 0.020 0.285
Model 2 −0.243 0.248 −0.121 −0.261 0.443 0.339 0.353 −0.054 0.118 −0.541 0.260 0.000
Model 3 0.927 0.028 0.281 −0.427 0.789 0.257 0.192 0.162 0.806 0.106 0.885 0.658 *
Model 4 0.902 0.103 0.983 −0.809 0.629 0.185 0.192 0.162 0.806 0.106 0.885 0.658 *
Speed-agility fitness a
Model 1 0.031 0.283 0.050 0.312 0.048 −0.309 0.116 0.406 0.056 −0.051 −0.054 −0.067
Model 2 −0.166 0.532 0.477 0.862 * 0.241 −0.487 0.126 0.118 0.030 −0.385 0.427 −0.300
Model 3 0.214 1.058 0.601 0.296 0.553 −0.715 0.091 0.217 0.882 −0.233 * 0.604 −0.227
Model 4 0.204 1.675 −0.597 −0.146 0.646 −1.362 0.681 0.994 0.910 −0.447 * 0.529 −0.423
Balance
Model 1 −0.038 0.118 −0.044 0.090 0.106 0.388 −0.052 0.080 −0.056 −0.052 −0.025 0.178
Model 2 −0.392 0.065 −0.128 0.024 0.188 0.395 0.198 −0.285 0.002 −0.219 0.356 −0.101
Model 3 −0.448 −0.262 0.568 −0.162 0.329 0.345 0.069 0.102 0.850 −0.076 * 0.567 0.013
Model 4 −0.331 −0.600 0.753 −0.427 0.365 0.565 0.292 −0.490 0.800 −0.092 0.429 0.080

Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: Model 1 + gender, age, total awake wear time at measurements; Model 3: Model 2 + maternal educational attainment at measurements; Model 4: Model 3 + sports clubs attendance at measurements. AdjR2: adjusted coefficient of determination; β: standardized regression coefficient. a The lower the score (in s), the higher the performance. BMI: body mass index; FFM: fat-free mass; SLJ: lower-limbs muscular strength * p < 0.05.