Table 11.

Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA in detecting different targets of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.

Virus type	Targets/Sources of samples	Sensitivity (SN)	Specificity (SP)	References
MERS-CoV	S	~100%	Varied due to cross-reactivity with other pathogens in sera of different patients (<100%)	[192]
	S	LOD: 0.04–5.9 ng/mL of S protein	Unclear (no significant intra-/inter-assay variability)	[328]
	S	92.3% (IgG)	100% (IgG)	[201]
	S	~97% at day 21 and above (IgG)	Unclear	[190]
	N, S	varied from ~20–100%;	varied from 0% to 100% (depending on dilution factors)	[200]
SARS-CoV-2	N	LOD: 9.00 ng/μL	High (Unclear on the numerical value)	[329]
	N	94.9% (IgG)	97.1% (IgG)	[202]
	N	90.3% (IgG)	97.9% (IgG)	[203]
	S	88.9–92.9% (IgG)	High (unclear on the values)	[199]
	S	64.1 (IgG), 74.3% (IgA)	95.2 (IgG), IgA (84.2%)	[207]
	S	95% (IgG)	97.8% (IgG)	[205]
	S	65 (IgG/A)	96% (IgG/A)	[206]
	S	95.6–100% (IgG)	86.7–100% (IgG)	[204]
	S (RBD), inactivated virus	53.3–92.1% (IgG)	~99%	[209]
	S (RBD)	92% (IgA), 96% (IgG), 98% (IgM)	99.3%	[208]
	N, S	LOD: 5 pg/μL	100%	[214]
	N, S	88–100% (depending on Ig types)	96.4–100% (depending on Ig types)	[230], [330]
	N, S	58.8–96.2% (IgG)	~95% (IgG)	[196]
	N, S	56.3–81.6% (IgG)	99%	[216]
	N, S	74.3–82.2% (IgG), 77.1–80.4% (IgM)	100% (IgG/M)	[213]
	N, S	84.2% (IgG)	100% (IgG)	[212]
	N, S	93.1–98.3% (IgG/total antibody)	86.3–96.4% (IgG/total antibody)	[211]
	N, S	35.5–61.3% (IgG/M);	Unclear	[183]
	N, S	86.4–87.9% (IgG)	75.7–98.6% (IgG)	[215]
	N, S, total antibody	92.7–99.1% (IgG/total antibody)	98.9–99.9% (IgG/total antibody)	[210]
	Sera (unclear target)	45% (IgG)	97% (IgG)	[184]
	Sera (unclear target)	69–80.6% (IgA), 48.8–72.9% (IgM), 79.8–83.7% (IgG);	97.6–100% (IgA), 88.1–97.6% (IgM), 97.6–100% (IgG)	[182]