Figure 1.

Overview of current immunotherapeutic modalities being investigated to treat GBM. (a) CAR T cells recognize antigens through a genetically engineered extracellular receptor which triggers intracellular T cell activation and degranulation upon antigen binding. (b) Inhibitors of immune checkpoint proteins prevent their attenuation of immune responses upon activation and exhaustion. (c) Vaccines expose antigen-presenting cells to tumoral antigens, stimulating a target-specific immune response. Boxes indicate therapeutic targets or mediators being pursued for each modality. CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte.