Table 1.

Summary of clinical trials for vaccines against GBM.

NCT Number	Treatment	Summary of Results	Indication	References
NCT00643097	EGFRvIII peptide vaccine + DI-TMZ	EGFRvIII-expressing cells eradicated and vaccine immunogenic, with DI-TMZ cohort having enhanced humoral response. Median overall survival of 23.6 months.	Primary GBM	Sampson et al. [13] Sampson et al. [14]
NCT00458601	EGFRvIII peptide vaccine + TMZ	Median overall survival of 21.8 months and 36-month survival of 26%. Anti-EGFRvIII antibodies increased ≥4-fold in 85% of patients with duration of treatment.	Primary GBM	Schuster et al. [15]
NCT01480479	EGFRvIII peptide vaccine + TMZ	Strong humoral responses; however, no survival advantage and loss of EGFRvIII expression upon recurrence.	Primary GBM	Weller et al. [16]
NCT01498328	EGFRvIII peptide vaccine + bevacizumab	24-month survival of 20% compared to 3% for controls.	Recurrent GBM	Reardon et al. [17]
NCT00639639	CMV pp65 DC vaccine + Td Toxoid + TMZ	Td toxoid pre-conditioning enhanced DC migration to the lymph nodes and improved survival. 3/6 Td toxoid patients were alive and progression-free at time of survival analysis (>36.6 months), while controls had median overall survival of 18.5 months.	Primary GBM	Mitchell et al. [18]
NCT00639639	CMV pp65 DC vaccine + DI-TMZ	Antigen-specific immune responses and median overall survival of 41.1 months in DI-TMZ cohort. A total of 36% survival 5 years from diagnosis, with four patients remaining progression-free at 59–64 months from diagnosis.	Primary GBM	Batich et al. [19]
NCT02366728	CMV pp65 DC vaccine + 111In-labeled DC vaccine + Td Toxoid + basiliximab	Ongoing, have reported increased DC migration to lymph nodes following Td toxoid pre-conditioning.	Primary GBM	Batich et al. [20]
NCT02454634	IDH1 peptide vaccine	A total of 93% vaccine-specific response rate, 84% survival >3 years.	High-grade glioma	Platten et al. [21]
NCT00045968	DCVax-L vaccine	Median overall survival of 23.1 months, with large group (n = 100) reaching 40.5 months.	Primary GBM	Liau et al. [22]
NCT00293423	HSPPC-96 peptide vaccine	Specific immune response in 11 of the 12 patients, responders had median overall survival of 11.8 months.	Recurrent GBM	Crane et al. [23] Bloch et al. [24]
NCT02122822	HSPPC-96 peptide vaccine + TMZ + radiotherapy	Median overall survival of 31.4 months. Patients with high tumor-specific immune responses had median overall survival of >40.5 months compared to 14.6 months for low responders.	Primary GBM	Ji et al. [25]
NCT00905060	HSPPC-96 vaccine + TMZ	Median overall survival of 23.8 months. Patients with low PD-L1 expression in myeloid cells had median overall survival of 44.7 months compared to 18 months for those with high expression.	Primary GBM	Bloch et al. [26]