Table 2.

Summary of clinical trials for immune checkpoint inhibitors against GBM.

NCT Number	Treatment	Summary of Results	Indication	References
NCT02017717	Nivolumab (anti-PD-1) or bevacizumab	Median overall survival was around 10 months for both groups; 12-month survival rates were identical between treatments at 42%.	Recurrent GBM	Reardon et al. [46]
NCT02617589	Nivolumab + radiotherapy or TMZ + radiotherapy	No survival advantage over TMZ, median overall survival of 13.4 months for nivolumab cohort and 14.88 months for TMZ.	Primary GBM	No Reference
NCT02667587	Nivolumab + TMZ + radiotherapy	Nivolumab provided no survival advantage over placebo, trial still ongoing.	Primary GBM	Squibb et al. [47]
NCT02313272	Hypofractionated stereotactic irradiation + pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) + bevacizumab	>50% patients had significant response; median overall survival of 13.5 months.	Recurrent high-grade glioma	Sahebjam et al. [48]
NCT02337491	Pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab + bevacizumab	Median overall survival of 8.8 months for pembrolizumab with bevacizumab, 10.3 months for pembrolizumab alone.	Recurrent GBM	Reardon et al. [49]
NCT02550249	Neoadjuvant nivolumab	Neoadjuvant nivolumab enhanced chemokine expression, TCR clonal diversity among TILs and immune cell infiltration of the tumor; however, median overall survival was only 7.3 months.	GBM	Schalper et al. [50]
NCT02336165	Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) alone, with bevacizumab or with radiotherapy	Preliminary results of recurrent, bevacizumab-refractory cohort had 36% survival at 5.5 months. Trial still ongoing.	GBM	Reardon et al. [51]
NCT02658981	Anti-LAG-3 or anti-4-1BB alone or with anti-PD-1	Median overall survival of 8 months for anti-LAG-3, 7 months for anti-LAG-3, anti-PD-1 combination and 14 months for anti-4-1BB. Trial still ongoing.	Recurrent GBM	Lim et al. [52]