Table 3.

Summary of clinical trials for CAR T cells against GBM.

NCT Number	Treatment	Summary of Results	Indication	References
NCT00730613	IL13(E13Y)-CD3ζ CAR T cells (first generation)	Transient inflammation at tumor site and a significant decrease in IL13Rα2 expression post-treatment were observed. Two grade 3 adverse events were observed. A median survival of 11 months after tumor relapse was noted.	Recurrent GBM	Brown et al. [90]
NCT02208362	IL13(E13Y)-41BBζ CAR T cells (second generation)	A single patient with multifocal relapsed GBM was treated, resulting in 77–100% decrease in tumor burden and 7.5 months of progression-free survival. Increased presence of inflammatory cytokines at tumor site with no adverse events related to CAR T cell therapy.	Recurrent GBM	Brown et al. [91]
NCT01109095	HER2-CD28ζ CAR T cells (second generation)	No dose-limiting toxicity was observed and CAR T cells persisted for 12 months post-infusion. No significant increase in survival was noted, with a median overall survival of 11.1 months.	GBM	Ahmed et al. [98]
NCT02209376	EGFRvIII-41BBζ CAR T cells (second generation)	No dose-limiting toxicity was observed and EGFRvIII expression was reduced post-treatment. No significant increase in survival was noted, with a median overall survival of 8 months post-treatment.	Recurrent GBM	O’Rourke et al. [87]
NCT01454596	EGFRvIII-CD28-41BBζ CAR T cells (third generation)	At highest dose, 2 patients suffered dose-limiting toxicity. A median overall survival of 6.9 months was noted, with one patient alive at 59 months.	Recurrent GBM	Goff et al. [99]