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. 2021 Jul 12;8(7):591. doi: 10.3390/children8070591

Table 1.

Demographics, sport- and pain-related variables for participants with and without chronic pain.

All Adolescents (n = 132) Adolescents with Chronic Pain Complaints (n = 35) Adolescents without Chronic Pain Complaints (n = 91)
Age (years: mean ± SD) 16.3 ± 2.7
(range 12–21)		 17.37 ± 2.5
(range 12–21)		 15.8 ± 2.6
(range 12–21)
Gender (% male) 53.8% 48.6% 56.0%
Education level

  • Primary education/low

  • Middle

  • High

  • Unknown

 11 (8.3%)
15 (11.4%)
99 (75.0%)
7 (5.3%)		 -
5 (14.3%)
34 (82.9%)
1 (2.9%)		 11 (12.1%)
10 (11.0%)
69 (75.8%)
1 (1.1%)
Starting age

  • 4 to 7 years

  • 8 to 11 years

  • >12 years

 76 (57.6%)
37 (28.0%)
19 (14.4%)		 18 (51.4%)
9 (25.7%)
8 (22.9%)		 57 (62.6%)
24 (26.4%)
10 (11.0%)
Type of sport

  • Team sports

  • Individually measurable sports

  • Martial arts or jury sports

  • Individual ball sports

 62 (47.0%)
43 (32.6%)
14 (10.6%)
13 (9.8%)		 21 (60.0%)
10 (28.6%)
2 (5.7%)
2 (5.7%)		 40 (44.0%)
32 (35.2%)
10 (11.0%)
9 (9.9%)
Performance level

  • Regional competition

  • National competition

  • International competition

  • Unknown

 5 (3.8%)
65 (49.2%)
58 (43.9%)
4 (3.1%)		 2 (5.7%)
14 (40.0%)
19 (54.3%)
-		 3 (3.3%)
51 (56.0%)
37 (40.7%)
-
Training frequency (hours per week)

  • <6 h

  • 7–10 h

  • 11–14 h

  • 15–18 h

  • >18 h

  • Unknown

 11 (8.3%)
42 (31.8%)
17 (12.9%)
13 (9.8%)
43 (32.6%)
6 (4.6%)		 6 (17.1%)
10 (28.6%)
5 (14.3%)
2 (5.7%)
10 (28.6%)
2 (5.8%)		 5 (5.5%)
31 (34.1%)
12 (13.2%)
10 (11.0%)
33 (36.3%)
-
Competition frequency (days in the past year)

  • <20 days

  • 20–40 days

  • 40–60 days

  • 60–80 days

  • 80–100 days

  • Unknown

 44 (33.3%)
48 (36.4%)
28 (21.2%)
4 (3.0%)
4 (3.0%)
4 (3.0%)		 -
12 (34.3%)
14 (40.0%)
5 (14.3%)
1 (2.9%)
3 (8.6%)		 -
32 (35.2%)
32 (35.2%)
23 (25.3%)
3 (3.3%)
1 (1.1%)
Relative(s) with pain complaints (% yes) 57.5% * 77.1% 49.5%

* Valid percent. SD = Standard Deviation