Table 2.

Mean (SD) and t-test statistics for pain intensity, fear of failure, self-handicapping, pain catastrophizing and goal orientation subtypes for athletes with and without chronic pain.

	Total	Athletes with Chronic Pain Complaints	Athletes without Chronic Pain Complaints	t-Value	p-Value
Pain intensity (0/10)	2.01 (2.05)	3.33 (1.97)	1.50 (1.85)	4.53	<0.01 *
Fear of failure (−2/+2)	−0.60 (0.75)	−0.36 (0.71)	−0.69 (0.75)	2.12	0.04 *
Self-handicapping (1/6)	2.99 (0.45)	3.22 (0.34)	2.90 (0.46)	3.53	<0.01 *
Pain catastrophizing (0/4)	0.90 (0.74)	1.08 (0.59)	0.83 (0.78)	1.59	0.12
Mastery–approach goals (1/7)	6.31 (0.79)	6.31 (0.64)	6.30 (0.85)	0.05	0.96
Mastery–avoidance goals (1/7)	3.32 (1.58)	4.07 (1.43)	3.03 (1.55)	3.17	<0.01 *
Performance–approach goals (1/7)	4.96 (1.38)	5.11 (1.35)	4.90 (1.39)	0.71	0.48
Performance–avoidance goals (1/7)	4.46 (1.33)	4.47 (1.34)	4.46 (1.34)	−0.33	0.97

Note. Chronic pain = pain lasting longer than three months. * p < 0.05.