Table 1.
Changes in motor and non-motor symptoms, disability, and quality of life in PD patients and/or controls from V0 (baseline) to V2 (2 years ± 1 month).
| PD Patients V0 |
PD Patients V2 |
Cohen’s Test | p a | Controls V0 |
Controls V2 |
p b | p c | p d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoehn & Yahr (OFF) (%) | 0.422 | <0.0001 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | ||
| Stage 1 | 22.7 | 13.3 | |||||||
| Stage 2 | 68 | 77 | |||||||
| Stage 3–5 | 9.3 | 9.7 | |||||||
| UPDRS-III (OFF) | 21.92 ± 10.53 | 25.26 ± 12.19 | 0.452 | <0.0001 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| UPDRS-IV | 1.99 ± 2.41 | 2.65 ± 2.75 | 0.371 | <0.0001 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| FOGQ | 3.76 ± 4.69 | 4.94 ± 5.18 | 0.4 | <0.0001 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| Daily dose L-dopa (mg) | 577.48 ± 412.09 | 767.56 ± 307.1 | 0.812 | <0.0001 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| Number of non-antipark. drugs | 2.35 ± 2.38 | 3.08 ± 2.65 | 0.507 | <0.0001 | 2.04 ± 2.16 | 2.76 ± 2.35 | 0.005 | ||
| PD-CRS | 92 ± 15.65 | 90.26 ± 18.07 | −0.207 | <0.0001 | 99.65 ± 13.56 | 99.68 ± 13.73 | 0.368 | 0.517 | 0.018 |
| NMSS | 45.08 ± 37.62 | 53.55 ± 42.28 | 0.343 | <0.0001 | 14.74 ± 18.72 | 14.65 ± 21.82 | 0.944 | 0.784 | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular | 5.45 ± 9.79 | 11.87 ± 14.21 | 0.644 | <0.0001 | 1.78 ± 3.6 | 1.99 ± 3.91 | 0.929 | 0.151 | 0.004 |
| Sleep/fatigue | 16.28 ± 15.91 | 19.2 ± 17.52 | 0.241 | <0.0001 | 5.91 ± 7.98 | 5.32 ± 9.87 | 0.813 | 0.243 | 0.018 |
| Mood/apathy | 11.32 ± 16.07 | 13.21 ± 17.98 | 0.173 | 0.007 | 3.8 ± 8.85 | 3.93 ± 11.53 | 0.219 | 0.438 | 0.249 |
| Perceptual symptoms | 3.24 ± 9.24 | 5.51 ± 12.71 | 0.286 | <0.0001 | 0.13 ± 1.12 | 0.39 ± 2.41 | 0.352 | 0.643 | 0.316 |
| Attention/memory | 10.01 ± 14.5 | 12.69 ± 17.08 | 0.249 | <0.0001 | 5.13 ± 10.85 | 5.18 ± 11.25 | 0.567 | 0.747 | 0.321 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 9.59 ± 13.1 | 12.28 ± 14.35 | 0.3 | <0.0001 | 1.58 ± 5.23 | 1.53 ± 4.39 | 0.385 | 0.414 | 0.001 |
| Urinary symptos | 21.47 ± 22.21 | 24.09 ± 23.14 | 0.181 | 0.013 | 7.63 ±12.57 | 7.71 ±11.74 | 0.851 | 0.982 | 0.012 |
| Sexual dysfunction | 18.83 ± 25.53 | 22.67 ± 27.84 | 1.182 | 0.005 | 7.43 ± 16.54 | 7.5 ± 14.68 | 0.903 | 0.714 | 0.002 |
| Miscellaneous | 14.98 ± 15.41 | 16.59 ± 15.69 | 0.149 | 0.054 | 3.73 ± 8.75 | 3.54 ± 8.31 | 0.633 | 0.698 | 0.004 |
| BDI-II | 8.28 ± 6.9 | 8.54 ± 7.48 | 0.048 | 0.369 | 4.56 ± 5.46 | 4.31 ± 5.5 | 0.484 | 0.541 | 0.043 |
| PDSS | 117.13 ± 24.48 | 117.85 ± 24.98 | 0.038 | 0.452 | 131.26 ± 17.41 | 126.67 ± 26.46 | 0.796 | 0.737 | 0.677 |
| QUIP-RS | 4.6 ± 8.8 | 4.66 ± 9.22 | 0.007 | 0.798 | 1.51 ± 3.73 | 1.32 ± 3.37 | 0.284 | 0.334 | 0.222 |
| NPI | 5.82 ± 7.88 | 6.17 ± 9.39 | 0.056 | 0.491 | 3.31 ± 7.15 | 2.64 ± 7.67 | 0.786 | 0.714 | 0.486 |
| VAS-PAIN | 2.61 ± 2.92 | 2.96 ± 2.88 | 0.147 | 0.037 | 1.49 ± 2.41 | 1.70 ± 2.32 | 0.272 | 0.661 | 0.177 |
| VASF-physical | 2.86 ± 2.67 | 3.17 ± 2.8 | 0.147 | 0.025 | 1.52 ± 2.35 | 1.29 ± 2.12 | 0.78 | 0.488 | 0.198 |
| VASF-mental | 2.09 ± 2.51 | 2.20 ± 2.61 | 0.056 | 0.545 | 1.29 ± 2.09 | 1.03 ± 1.97 | 0.699 | 0.96 | 0.254 |
| ADLSL | 88.58 ± 10.19 | 84.26 ± 13.38 | −0.519 | <0.0001 | 98.87 ± 6.65 | 99.52 ± 2.15 | 0.227 | 0.069 | <0.0001 |
| PDQ-39SI | 16.72 ± 13.02 | 20.3 ± 16.41 | 0.413 | <0.0001 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| PQ-10 | 3.77 ± 0.54 | 3.75 ± 0.58 | −0.114 | 0.063 | 8.07 ± 1.22 | 7.86 ± 1.65 | 0.06 | 0.486 | 0.831 |
| EUROHIS-QOL8 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 3.68 ± 0.67 | 0.048 | 0.4 | 4.18 ± 0.5 | 4.12 ± 0.51 | 0.066 | 0.852 | 0.074 |
p values were computed using general linear models (GLM) repeated measures. The results represent mean ± SD or %; p a, change over time (V2 vs. V0) in PD patients; p b, change over time (V2 vs. V0) in controls. Age, gender and LEDD (levodopa equivalent daily dose) (except for assessing changes in this variable) at V0 and at V2 were included as covariates; p c, group visit interaction; p d, PD vs. controls. PD vs. controls is not applicable if test of interaction was significant (a significant test of interaction means the rates of changes over time are different between the two groups). All patients with the data at V0 and V2 were included for each comparative analysis. For NMSS and its domains, N = 501 in PD patients and N = 122 in the control group. ADLS, Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; FOGQ, Freezing Of Gait Questionnaire; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PD-CRS, Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PDSS, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; QUIP-RS, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VAFS, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale; VAS-Pain, Visual Analog Scale-Pain.