Table 3.
Linear regression model about factors associated with global burden progression after 2-year follow-up (change in the NMSS total score from V0 to V2).
| β a | β b | 95% IC a | 95% IC b | p a | p b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At V0 (baseline) | ||||||
| Age at baseline | −0.036 | N.A. | −0.501–0.211 | N.A. | 0.423 | N.A. |
| Gender | −0.045 | N.A. | −9.419–3.024 | N.A. | 0.313 | N.A. |
| Disease duration | 0.092 | 0.118 | 0.019–1.499 | 0.261–1.591 | 0.044 | 0.006 |
| Number of non-antipark. drugs | −0.041 | N.A. | −1.862–0.683 | N.A. | 0.363 | N.A. |
| LEDD | 0.062 | N.A. | −0.002–0.012 | N.A. | 0.17 | N.A. |
| Daily dose L-dopa (mg) | 0.077 | 0.152 | −0.001–0.019 | N.A. | 0.085 | N.A. |
| Equivalent Daily dose of DA (mg) | 0.08 | N.A. | −0.002–0.038 | N.A. | 0.075 | N.A. |
| No-tremoric motor phenotype | 0.062 | 0.094 | −1.788–10.373 | 0.675–12.195 | 0.166 | 0.029 |
| UPDRS-III | 0.026 | N.A. | −0.217–0.387 | N.A. | 0.58 | N.A. |
| UPDRS-IV | 0.015 | N.A. | −1.047–1.473 | N.A. | 0.74 | N.A. |
| FOGQ | −0.023 | N.A. | −0.823–0.482 | N.A. | 0.608 | N.A. |
| PD-CRS | −0.03 | N.A. | −0.262–0.129 | N.A. | 0.504 | N.A. |
| NMSS | −0.317 | −0.52 | −0.369–0.215 | −0.557–−0.370 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BDI-II | −0.174 | N.A. | −0.872 | N.A. | <0.0001 | N.A. |
| PDSS | 0.077 | −0.186 | −0.015–0.234 | −0.397–−0.106 | 0.085 | 0.001 |
| NPI | −0.12 | 0.208 | −0.912–0.107 | 0.441–1.353 | 0.013 | <0.0001 |
| QUIP-RS | −0.005 | N.A. | −0.310–0.271 | N.A. | 0.896 | N.A. |
| VAS-PAIN | 0.032 | N.A. | −0.62–0.148 | N.A. | 0.032 | N.A. |
| VASF-Physical | −0.021 | N.A. | −1.181– -0.684 | N.A. | 0.601 | N.A. |
| VASF-Mental | −0.015 | N.A. | −1.206–0.832 | N.A. | 0.719 | N.A. |
| Change at V2 (from V0 to V2) | ||||||
| Number of non-antipark. drugs | 0.087 | N.A. | −0.040–3.925 | N.A. | 0.055 | N.A. |
| LEDD | 0.072 | N.A. | −0.002–0.017 | N.A. | 0.115 | N.A. |
| Daily dose L-dopa (mg) | 0.044 | N.A. | −0.007–0.019 | N.A. | 0.339 | N.A. |
| Equivalent daily dose of DA (mg) | 0.009 | N.A. | −0.013–0.016 | N.A. | 0.843 | N.A. |
| UPDRS-III (OFF) | 0.178 | N.A. | 0.296–0.938 | N.A. | <0.0001 | N.A. |
| UPDRS-IV | 0.086 | N.A. | −0.041–2.434 | N.A. | 0.058 | N.A. |
| FOGQ | 0.284 | 0.149 | 1.658–3.074 | 0.522–1.922 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| PD-CRS | −0.026 | N.A | −0.339–0.186 | N.A. | 0.567 | N.A. |
| BDI-II | 0.334 | N.A. | 1.120–1.862 | N.A. | <0.0001 | N.A. |
| PDSS | −0.303 | −0.339 | −0.222 | −0.543–−0.292 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| NPI | 0.307 | 0.249 | 0.798–1.521 | 0.595–1.296 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| QUIP-RS | 0.095 | N.A. | 0.038–0.612 | N.A. | 0.027 | N.A. |
| VAS-PAIN | 0.156 | N.A. | 0.761–2.302 | N.A. | <0.0001 | N.A. |
| VASF-Physical | 0.192 | 0.101 | 1.258–2.973 | 0.179–2.061 | <0.0001 | 0.02 |
| VASF-Mental | 0.194 | N.A. | 1.282–3.010 | N.A. | <0.0001 | N.A. |
| At V2 | ||||||
| To be taking L-dopa | 0.025 | N.A. | −7.129–12.723 | N.A. | 0.58 | N.A. |
| To be taking a MAO-B inhibitor | 0.03 | N.A. | −4.722–9.684 | N.A. | 0.499 | N.A. |
| To be taking a COMT inhibitor | 0.003 | N.A. | −6.564–6.987 | N.A. | 0.951 | N.A. |
| To be receiving a DA | 0.067 | N.A. | −1.651–12.057 | N.A. | 0.136 | N.A. |
| To be taking an analgecic | −0.074 | N.A. | −11.116–0.388 | N.A. | 0.068 | N.A. |
| To be taking a benzodiazepin | 0.025 | N.A. | −4.350–8.277 | N.A. | 0.542 | N.A. |
| To be taking an antidepressive agent | 0.051 | N.A. | −2.049–9.514 | N.A. | 0.205 | N.A. |
| To be taking an antipsychotic agent | 0.067 | 0.129 | 6.067–29.381 | −3.084–22.227 | 0.138 | 0.003 |
| To practice regular exercise | 0.011 | N.A. | −6.668–8.440 | N.A. | 0.818 | N.A. |
| Cognitive stimulation therapy | −0.017 | N.A. | −7.935–5.396 | N.A. | 0.708 | N.A. |
| Physiotherapy | 0.016 | N.A. | −5.661–8.179 | N.A. | 0.721 | N.A. |
| Speech therapy | −0.008 | N.A. | −10.296–8.548 | N.A. | 0.885 | N.A. |
Dependent variable: change from V0 to V2 in the NMSS total score. β standardized coefficient and 95% IC are shown. a, univariate analysis; b, multivariate analysis (Durbin-Watson test = 1.865; R2 = 0.41). BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; COMT, catechol-o-methyl transferase; DA, dopamine agonist; FOG, freezing of gait; FOGQ, Freezing Of Gait Questionnaire; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg); MAO-B, monoamine oxidase type B; N.A., not applicable; NMS, non-motor symptoms; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PD-CRS, Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PDQ-39SI, 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire Summary Index; PDSS, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; QoL, Quality of life; QUIP-RS, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VAFS, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale; VAS-Pain, Visual Analog Scale-Pain.