Figure 3.

Manhattan and QQ plot of the gene-based meta-analysis. (A) Manhattan plot. Genes were represented by dots and plotted based on their p-values. Red line shows the considered significant p-value (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸). (B) QQ plot of the p-values obtained after the association testing. The x-axis represents the expected −log₁₀—p-value under the null hypothesis and lambda is the median of the resulting chi-squared test statistics divided by the expected median of the chi-squared distribution under the null hypothesis.