Fig. 1.

EMPA exerts a cytoprotective effect on cardiomyocytes exposed to doxorubicin (DOXO) through the reduction of intracellular Ca2⁺ overload in a concentration-dependent manner. 10 × 10³ HL-1 cells/well were seeded in 96-well plate and were cultured under different conditions. A cell viability of cardiomyocytes treated with DOXO (from 0.1 to 50 µM), alone or combined with EMPA (EMPA) (10, 50 or 500 nM) (n = 6 for each concentration. One-way ANOVA analysis). B Cardiomyocyte viability under exposure to EMPA from 1 to 500 nM. (n = 6 for each concentration. One-way ANOVA analysis). C For quantification of intracellular calcium (Ca2⁺), 5 × 10³ cells/well were seeded in a 24-well plate and allowed to grow for 24 h; after, cardiomyocytes were not exposed (control) or exposed to EMPA (10, 50, 500 nM), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (50 ng/ml) or DOXO (100 nM) alone or with EMPA at 10, 50 and 500 nM. (n = 3 for each group). One-way ANOVA analysis). Values are expressed ± SD. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ns: not significant