Table 3.
Characteristics of individual studies.
| Study | N/Age/Sex | Study Design |
Dimension Analysis | Instruments and Outcomes for Sleep | Instruments/Tests and Outcomes for Performance, Training Load Or Injury |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbott et al., [31] | N: 9 Age: 21 ± 5 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort |
Match analysis |
Sleep log: total sleep time. Sleep quality (1–5 scale). |
RPE (CR-10). CMJ. |
| Abedelmalek et al., [38] | N: 36 Age: 21.3 ± 0.5 Black Tunisian Age: 22.1 ± 2.2 White Tunisian Age: 22.2 ± 1.3 South African Sex: M |
Prospective cohort |
Athletic performance |
Actimetry (Actiwatch sleep and Activity software V5.32; Cambridge Neurotechnology; Cambridge, UK): total sleep duration, sleep latency; sleep efficiency and mean activity score (the average value of the activity counts per epoch over the assumed sleep period). | 30 s Wingate test: Peak power Mean power Fatigue index |
| Abedelmalek et al., [39] | N: 12 Age: 21.2 ± 1.2 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort |
Athletic performance |
Actimetry (Actiwatch sleep and Activity software V5.32; Cambridge Neurotechnology, Cambridge, UK): total sleep duration, sleep, sleep efficiency. | 30 s Wingate test: Peak power Mean power Fatigue index. |
| Ajjimaporn et al., [27] | N: 11 Age: 20 ± 1 Sex: M |
Prospective randomized crossover |
Athletic performance |
Total sleep duration. | RPE (CR-20). Auditory reaction time. RAST: max power, min power, average power, fatigue index. Isometric leg strength test. |
| Aziz et al., [32] | N: 13 Age: ND (under 23) Sex: M |
Prospective cohort |
Match analysis |
Time to bed and waking. Daytime nap times. Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaire: levels of daytime sleepiness. |
Brunel Mood Scale. Visual analogue scale. Profile of mood state. Perceived readiness questionnaire. S-RPE (CR-10). 5 Hz GPS (MinimaxX 2.5; Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia): total distance, low-speed (<8.0 km·h−1), moderate-speed (8.0–18.0 km·h−1) and high-speed running (>18.0 km·h−1); HR monitor strap (T-31, Polar Oy, Kempele, Finland): HRavg, HRmax. Blood lactate (LactatePro, Arkray Inc., Kyoto, Japan). |
| Baati et al., [40] | N: 10 Age: 22.8 ± 1.3 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance |
Wrist actigraphy (Actiwatch sleep and Activity software, version 5.32; Neurotechnology, Cambridge, UK): sleep latency, sleep efficiency, end of sleep, start of sleep. Hooper Index: sleep quality. |
Egocentric Distance Estimation 3 distances (15, 25, and 35 m) before and after repeated cycling (Monark 894E, Stockholm, Sweden). POMS questionnaire. Hooper Index: stress, fatigue, muscle soreness. |
| Chamari et al., [48] | N: 42 Age: 24 ± 4 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Injury | Hooper Index: sleep quality. | RPE (CR-10 scale): Weekly training load Weekly training strain Weekly training duration. Hooper index: stress, fatigue, muscle soreness. Injury rate: Rate of contact injury Rate of non-contact injury Rate of contact injury during matches Rate of overuse injury during matches Rate of contact injury during training Rate of overuse injury during training Number of injuries per 4-week periods Total monthly training and match exposure. |
| Clemente et al., [42] | N: 10 Age: 19.8 ± 1.6 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Training load | Hooper Index: sleep quality. | HRavg (Polar H7, Polar Electro, OY, Kempele, Filand). GPS (JOHAN Sports, Noordwijk, The Netherlands): total distance (m); running distance at 14–19.9 km/h sprinting distance at >20.0 km/h; total number of accelerations >2 m/s2; RPE (CR-10 scale). Hooper Index: stress, muscle soreness and fatigue. |
| Clemente et al., [43] | N: 35 Age: 25.7 ± 5.0 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Training load | Hooper Index: sleep quality. | RPE (CR-10 scale). Hooper Index: stress, muscle soreness and fatigue. |
| Costa et al., [9] | N: 20 Age: 25.2 ± 3.1 Sex: F |
Prospective cohort |
Training and match analysis | Wrist actigraphy (Actigraph LLC wGT3X-BT, Pensacola, FL, USA): sleep time, time in bed, wake-up time, sleep onset time, wake after sleep onset, sleep fragmentation index, latency and sleep efficiency. | s-RPE (CR-10). 18 Hz GPS units (STATSports Apex, Northern Ireland): total distance training and match exposure time high-speed running |
| Costa et al., [10] | N: 34 Age: 20.6 ± 2.3 Sex: F |
Prospective cohort | Training and match analysis | Hooper Index: sleep quality. Accelerometer (Actigraph LLC wGT3XBT, Pensacola, FL, USA): sleep duration and sleep efficiency. |
s-RPE (CR-10). TRIMP. HR (Firstbeat Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland): %HRmax and HR exercise. Hooper Index: fatigue, stress and muscle soreness. |
| Figueiredo et al., [8] | N: 18 Age: 14.8 ± 0.3 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort |
Training and match analysis | Accelerometer (Actigraph LLC wGT3X-BT, Pensacola, FL, USA): sleep duration, sleep efficiency, | s-RPE (CR-10). |
| Fowler et al., [41] | N: 10 Age: 23.9 (22.2–25.6) Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance |
Actigraphy watches (ReadiBand, Fatigue Science, Honolulu, HI, USA)—sleep duration, latency, efficiency, number of awakenings, and duration of awakenings. Hooper Index: sleep quality. |
CMJ—linear position transducer (GymAware, Kinetic Performance Technologies, Canberra, Australia): jump height, peak power, and peak velocity. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 test (YYIR1). HR, HRmax, HRR (Polar Team2, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland). Cortisol (ELISA, Demeditec Diagnostics, Kiel, Germany). Oxygen saturation (Nonin 4000 Avant Bluetooth Pulse Oximeter, Nonin, North Plymouth, MN, USA) Hooper Index: stress, fatigue and muscle soreness. S-RPE. Physical feeling. Brunel Mood Scale. |
| Fowler et al., [33] | N: 20 Age: 21.9 ± 3.6 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance |
Actigraphy (Actiwatch-64; Philips Respironics, Bend, OR, USA): time in bed; sleep onset; sleep offset; sleep duration; sleep efficiency. Subjective sleep quality (Liverpool John Moore’s University jet lag questionnaire). |
CMJ: jump height, peak power, and peak velocity 20 m sprint, T test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1. Brunel Mood Scale. s-RPE. Physical feeling. |
| Gouttebarge et al., [29] | N:540 Age: 26.7 ± 4.4 Sex: M |
Prospective cross-sectional | Injury | Sleeping disturbance—PROMIS (short form). | 3 Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: total number of severe musculoskeletal injuries; total number of severe joint injuries; and total number of severe muscle injuries during a professional soccer career. Number of Surgeries. |
| Güvenç et al., [34] | N:16 Age:17.4 ± 1.2 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance |
Sleep duration. | Modified 20 m shuttle run test: peak running distance, peak running time, peak running velocity, running velocity at 4.0 mmol·L−1, peak LA, peak HR, peak RPE Blood Lactate (LA) YSI 1500 Sport Lactate Analyzer (Yellow Springs Inst., Yellow Springs, OH, USA) HR monitors (S610i, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland): HRmax, HRavg, RPE (CR-20) LA/HR/RPE: Resting: at 8 km·h−1 at 10 km·h−1 at 11 km·h−1 at 12 km·h−1 |
| Haddad et al., [30] | N: 17 Age: 17–19 Sex: M |
Prospective cross-sectional | Athletic performance |
Hooper Index—sleep quality | Heart rate (Polar S-800i, Polar Electro, Finland): HRmax, RHR, HRres. RPE (CR-10 scale). Hooper Index: stress, muscle soreness, and fatigue. |
| Hill et al., [35] | N: 7 Age: 22 ± 2 Sex: F |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance | Sleep duration. Sleep quality (1-to-5 non-validated scale). |
Mood state—POMS questionnaire: tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, anger/hostility, vigor/activity, fatigue/inertia, and confusion/bewilderment. Grip strength: handgrip dynamometer (Asimov Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA). |
| Kiliç et al., [49] | N: 262 Age: 27 ± 5 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Injury | Sleep disturbance—PROMIS. | Musculoskeletal disorder injury. |
| Krutsch et al., [50] | N: 423 M (22.9 ± 2.6) N: 271 F (22.2 ± 2.3) |
Prospective cohort | Injury | Sleep quality: sleep duration, any sleep interruptions during the night, feeling tired in the morning of the match day | Total playing time in the tournament. Mean playing time per player in the tournament. Frequent training sessions before the tournament. Participation in a structured warm-up routine before the matches. Playing in a soccer club Traumatic Injury Prevalence per player Overuse injuries Prevalence per player |
| Laux et al., [19] | N: 22 Age: 25.8 ± 5 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Injury | RESTQ-Sport questionnaire: sleep quality. | RESTQ-Sport questionnaire: general stress, emotional stress, social stress, conflicts/pressure, fatigue, lack of energy, physical complaints, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general well-being, disturbed breaks, emotional exhaustion, injury, being in shape, personal accomplishment, self-efficacy, self-regulation. |
| Levitch et al., [51] | N: 50 Age: 18 Sex: F |
Prospective cohort | Injury | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: quality, latency, duration, efficiency, disturbances, sleeping medication, daytime dysfunction. |
HeadCount Web-based questionnaire: HeadCount-12m inquired about soccer activity during the prior 12 months; HeadCount-2w inquired about soccer activity during the prior two weeks. |
| Meckel et al., [36] | N: 18 Age: 15.1± 0.9 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance | Sleep (hours/day) | Vertical jump test; Agility test; Speed endurance test; Sprint test; Endurance test |
| Nédélec et al., [18] | N: 1 Age: 31 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort case report | Injury | Wrist activity monitor (Actisleep, TheActigraph, Pensacola, FL, USA): bed time, sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency. Sleep quality using a visual 10-point analogue scale. |
s-RPE (CR-10). Injuries number. |
| Pallesen et al., [28] | N: 19 Age: 16.5 ± 1.3 Sex: M |
Prospective randomized crossover | Athletic performance | Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire: sleep habits, sleepiness, preferred time for performing activities. Sleep time. Alert/sleep: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. |
Juggling test; Dribbling test (20 and 40 m sprints, 0 m sprint with directional change); Ball control (trapping); Continuous kicking. |
| Selmi et al., [44] | N: 20 Age: 25.1 ± 1.0 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Training load | Hooper Index: sleep quality | Hooper Index: fatigue, stress, and muscle soreness. Total quality recovery questionnaire. VAMEVAL test: HRmax. RPE (CR-10 scale). |
| Silva et al., [17] | N: 23 Age: 26.5 ± 5.2 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Injury | Self-reporting sleep diaries. Actiwatch 2 wrist activity monitor actigraph (Philips Respironics, Andover, MA, USA): time awake, sleep duration, WASO (Wake After Sleep Onset), sleep efficiency, and sleep latency. |
Number of injuries, the injury severity, and the absence time. |
| Souissi et al., [20] | N: 14 Age: 23.57 ± 1.98 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance | Actimetry (Actiwatch sleep and Activity software v5.32; Cambridge Neurotechnology; UK): sleep duration. | Squat jump test (Optojump, Italy). 30 s Wingate test (Monark 894E, Stockholm, Sweden). Index of motor performance: reaction time. |
| Watson and Brickson [45] | N: 65 Age: 15.5 ± 1.6 Sex: F |
Prospective cohort | Training load | Daily ratings of sleep quality. Sleep duration. |
RPE (CR-10 scale) Daily ratings of fatigue, mood, soreness, stress. |
| Watson et al., [46] | N: 75 Age: 15.5 ± 1.6 Sex: F |
Prospective cohort | Training load | Daily ratings of sleep quality. Sleep duration. |
s-RPE (CR-10 scale). Daily ratings of fatigue, mood, soreness, stress. Injuries numbers, locations, and types. |
| Wilson et al., [47] | N: 14 Age: 25 ± 3 Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Training load | Actimeter watch (Cambridge Neurotechnology, Cambridge, UK): time that they went to bed and woke-up, bedtimes, wake-up times. | 20 m progressive shuttle run: VO2max (Polar Team System, Kempele, Finland). Relative HR zones and TRIMP were calculated. |
| Zerguini et al., [37] | N: 55 Age: ND Sex: M |
Prospective cohort | Athletic performance | Sleep hours and Sleep quality | Explosive leg power: standing vertical jump. Agility: four-line test. Dribbling test: test of soccer skill. Speed and acceleration were obtained by photoelectric cells during a 20 m sprint from a standing start. Endurance: 12 min run, with recovery HR monitored for 5 min. |
N: number; M: male; F: female; ND: non-described. PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; RPE: rated perceived exertion; s-RPE: session rated perceived exertion; RAST: Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test; GPS: global positioning system; HR: heart rate; HRavg: heart rate average; HRmax: heart rate maximal; HRR: heart rate recovery; CMJ: counter movement jump; TRIMP: training impulse.