Table 4.

Results concerning sleep and athletic and/or match performance.

Study	Aim	Results	Findings
Abbott et al., [31]	To investigate the cognitive, physical, and perceptual effects of sleep restriction in soccer players following a night match.	CMJ decreased by ~8% after the match with and without sleep restriction.	Sleep restriction (~6 h of sleep) following a nighttime soccer match does not impair CMJ performance, subjective wellbeing, or cognitive function in the following morning.
Abedelmalek et al., [38]	To access the effect of PSD and racial variation on muscle power and fatigue during a 30-s Wingate test.	There was a significantly greater decrease in PP and MP (p < 0.001) after the PSD in South Africans compared with black Tunisians (p < 0.05) and white Tunisians (p < 0.05); values for South Africans, White Tunisians, and Black Tunisian. Fatigue index was unaffected by either sleep deprivation or racial variation.	4 h of PSD at the end of the night affect performance during the Wingate test at 18:00 h more in South Africans than Tunisians. These results suggest a greater vulnerability of South Africans to sleep deprivation.
Abedelmalek et al., [39]	To evaluate the effect of time of day and PSD on short-term maximal performance and level of IL-6 in trained subjects.	PP and MP improved significantly from the morning to the afternoon after NNS (p < 0.05) and from the afternoon to the morning after PSD (p < 0.05). Compared to NNS, PP and MP were not affected by PSD the following morning. However, there was a significant decrease in PP and MP (p < 0.001) after the PSD at 18:00 h.	A short-term high-intensity exercise may increase the interleukin-6 concentrations in the morning and the afternoon. Moreover, IL-6 remained elevated during the recovery period in the afternoon after the PSD at the end of the night.
Ajjimaporn et al., [27]	To examine effects of a 20-min nap following 3 h of sleep deprivation on brain wave activity, auditory reaction time, the RAST, leg muscle strength, and the RPE in male college soccer players.	The sleep deprivation demonstrated an increase in the MP of delta waves over the frontal area and a decrease in the mean power of alpha waves over the parietal area compared to the normal sleep. The nap and the sleep deprivation showed an increase in auditory reaction time compared with those in the normal sleep. The sleep deprivation demonstrated a decrease in the running-based anaerobic sprint test compared to the normal sleep, whereas the nap has partially reversed only minimal power and average power of the running-based anaerobic sprint test. The nap showed a recovery effect on leg muscle strength, but not on the rating of perceived exertion compared with the sleep deprivation.	Getting 3 h of sleep a night had negative effects on anaerobic performance test, muscle strength, and fatigue in the afternoon (16:00 h) of the following day. A 20min nap after sleep deprivation did not entirely reverse the negative impact of sleep deprivation on soccer performance.
Aziz et al., [32]	To examine the effects of RF on physical activity profile of soccer players via the satellite GPS during a 90 min match played.	In RF condition, players covered a lower total distance (by 12.8 ± 5.8%), and covered less distance within the moderate (22.4 ± 12.0%) and high-speed (35.5 ± 20.1%) zones (all p < 0.025). Players accomplished a lower relative speed throughout the most of the match in RF compared to control condition (p < 0.008). Blood glucose, blood lactate, and HR of the players during match in RF and control conditions were equivalent (all, p > 0.05), although RPE was higher before, during, and post-match in the RF vs. control conditions (p > 0.05).	Players’ physical activity profile during a soccer game was adversely affected by RF which include 6.5 h of sleep and 100 min of daily nap, and this negative impact was already observed in the initial stages of the match.
Baati et al., [40]	To investigate the effects of intensive effort on egocentric distance perception according to different angles of view after SDB or SDE of the night and after a NNS.	For 35 m, distance estimation was better during NNS compared to SDB and SDE for the front and the two side angles either before or after RS. Concerning 25 m, distance estimation was better after compared to before repeated cycling for the front angle during the NNS session (p < 0.05). For 15 m, distance estimation was better during NNS than SDB and SDE for the front and both side angles after repeated cycling (p < 0.05). All Hooper index categories and POMS denoted better results after NNS compared to SBD and SDE (p < 0.05).	PSD negatively affected the estimation of the egocentric distance for the three angles of view either at rest or after repeated cycling exercise.
Fowler et al., [41]	To examine the effects of simulated air travel on physical performance.	Sleep quantity and quality were significantly reduced during international simulated travel compared with control group and domestic simulated travel (p < 0.01). Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 test performance was significantly reduced in the PM following day during international simulated compared with control group and domestic simulated travel (p < 0.01), where performance remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Compared with baseline, physiological and perceptual responses to exercise, and mood states, were exacerbated following the international simulated travel (p < 0.05).	Attenuated intermittent-sprint performance following simulated international air travel may be due to sleep disruption during travel and the subsequent exacerbated physiological and perceptual markers of fatigue.
Fowler et al., [33]	To assess the efficacy of a combined light exposure and sleep hygiene intervention to improve team-sport performance following eastward long-haul transmeridian travel.	Magnitude-based inference and standardized effect-size analysis indicated there was a very likely improvement in the mean change in countermovement jump peak power (effect size 1.10 ± 0.55), and likely improvement in 5 m (0.54 ± 0.67) and 20 m (0.74 ± 0.71) sprint time in intervention group compared with control group across the 4 days post-travel. Sleep duration was most likely greater in intervention group both during travel (1.61 ± 0.82) and across the 4 nights following travel (1.28 ± 0.58) compared with control group. Finally, perceived mood and motivation were likely worse (0.73 ± 0.88 and 0.63 ± 0.87) across the 4 days post-travel in control group compared with intervention group.	Combined light exposure and sleep hygiene improved speed and power but not intermittent-sprint performance up to 96 h following long-haul transmeridian travel. The reduction in sleep disruption during and following travel is a likely contributor to improved performance.
Güvenç et al., [34]	To examine the effects of RF on body composition, aerobic exercise performance, blood lactate, heart rate, and perceived exertion in regularly trained young soccer players.	Although RPE at submaximal workloads increased during RF (p < 0.05), blood lactate and HR had decreased by the end of RF (p < 0.05). Peak running performance and running velocity at anaerobic threshold also improved by the end of RF (p < 0.05).	Regular training regimen, body fluid balance, daily energy intake, and sleep duration (8.6–8.8 h) are maintained during RF; it does not have detrimental effects on aerobic exercise performance or body composition in young soccer players.
Haddad et al., [30]	To assess Hooper Index effects on RPE during a 10 min submaximal exercise training session.	No significant correlations were resulted between RPE-10 min and Hooper’s Index in all athletes.	The results suggest that fatigue, stress, muscle soreness, and sleep are not major contributors of RPE during traditional soccer training without excessive training loads.
Hill et al., [35]	To evaluate the effects of jet lag on factors associated with sport performance	Vigor was reduced, p < 0.05, on Days 1 and 2 in Taiwan. Fatigue was increased on Day 1, p < 0.05, Day 2 (non-significant), and Day 3 (non-significant). Total mood disturbance was elevated, p < 0.05, on Days 1 and 2. Grip strength measured the first 2 days in Taiwan was lower, p < 0.05, than the baseline value. Number of hours spent sleeping differed, p < 0.05, from baseline on the 2nd night in Taiwan, with the athletes apparently trying to catch up on lost sleep. There was no significant deterioration in sleep quality, despite an apparent trend toward poorer quality from the 1st through 4th days at the destination.	This finding suggests that, despite their high level of motivation and preparation, even elite athletes may suffer psychological decrements after rapid transmeridian travel. Performance-related variables that were evaluated were seen to return quite quickly to pretravel levels. The iceberg mood state profile of the elite athletes and the fit physical educators was re-established by the 4th day at the destination.
Meckel et al., [36]	To examine the effect of the RF on performance capacities, dietary habits, and the daily behavioral patterns in adolescent soccer players.	There were no significant differences in total daily sleeping hours (8.6 ± 0.7 h/day vs. 8.6 ± 0.5 h/day, p = 0.80) between RF and a regular month.	The decrease in performance does not necessarily relate to changes in caloric intake and sleeping hours during the fast.
Pallesen et al., [28]	To investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on soccer skills (habitual sleep and 24 h sleep deprivation).	The results revealed a negative effect of sleep deprivation on the continuous kicking test. On one test, 30 m sprint with directional changes, a significant condition test repetition interaction was found, indicating a steeper learning curve in the sleep-deprived condition from Test 1 to Test 2 and a steeper learning curve in the rested condition from Test 2 to Test 3.	Negative effects of sleep deprivation on soccer skills were partly supported by the data and that more pronounced effects would be expected in a soccer match. Greater negative sleep impact over repetitive performance was not supported by these data.
Souissi et al., [20]	To evaluate the effects of caffeine ingestion and partial sleep deprivation at the end of night on cognitive and physical performance.	Results showed that reaction time squat jumps were affected by PSD, even though peak power, mean power and SJ were not affected on the following day. However, both simple and choice reaction times were significantly poorer during PSD in comparison with NNS (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively).	PSD decreases reaction time and squat jumps, but peak and mean power were not affected.
Zerguini et al., [37]	To analyze effects of RF on Muslim soccer athletes.	Nearly 70% of the players thought that their training and performance were adversely affected during the fast where players’ sleep was reduced by 30 min.	The phase shift of food intake and disruption of sleep patterns affect actual and perceived physical performance. Islamic athletes need to explore strategies that will maximize performance during Ramadan.

CMJ: counter movement jump; PSD: partial sleep deprivation; PP: peak power; MP: mean power; IL-6: interleukin-6; RAST: running-based anaerobic sprint test; RPE: rated perceived exertion; RF: Ramadan Fasting; GPS: global positioning system; HR: heart rate; NNS: normal sleep night; SDB: sleep deprivation at the beginning of the night; SDE: sleep deprivation at the end of the night.