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. 2021 Jul 15;13(14):3548. doi: 10.3390/cancers13143548

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Schematic representation of a cancer stem cell (CSC) generated from non-malignant progenitor stem cells or somatic and differentiated cells by altering essential signaling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and mutations. Ethanol and its metabolites may interfere with critical molecular events related to signaling pathways, gene expression regulators, and environmental factors and consolidate CSC phenotypes and clonal heterogeneity within a tumor in different tissues (see text for details). Labels (Ez, SMs, and TFs) indicate markers that characterize CSCs. ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; Ez, enzymes; SMs, cell surface markers; TFs, transcription factors [266,269,270,275,283,293,299,300,301,302,303,311,313,328,331,332,333,334,335].