Figure 1.

The proposed biosynthetic pathways for phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lignin in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, hydroxycinnamate-CoA ligase; TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase; HPPR, hydroxyl phenylpyruvate reductase; RAS, rosmarinic acid synthase; CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; CHS, chalcone synthase; FLS, flavonol synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; ANS, anthocyanin synthase; HCT, hydroxyl cinnamoyl transferase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Solid lines indicate the step is specific. Dashed lines indicate the step is uncertain or multiple enzymatic steps are represented.