Table 1.
Terminology and definitions of sarcopenia in the included studies.
| Author | Measurements of Skeletal Muscle | Criteria to Define Sarcopenia | Cut-Off Values Males | Cut-Off Values Females | Definition of Sarcopenic Obesity | Definition of Myosteatosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peng P et al. [31] | TPA (L3) | Quartiles | Lowest quartile: 492 mm2/m2 | Lowest quartile: 362 mm2/m2 |
Sarcopenia + BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | - |
| Amini et al. [32] | TPA (L3) and TPV (L3) |
Quartiles | Lowest quartile TPA: 564.2 mm2/m2 TPV: 17.2 cm3/m2 |
Lowest quartile TPA: 414.5 mm2/m2; TPV: 12.0 cm3/m2 |
Sarcopenia + BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | - |
| Clark et al. [33] | CSAPM/CSAL5 | Linear regression analysis with survival | - | - | - | - |
| Delitto et al. [34] | CSAPM/CSAL3 | Linear regression analysis and Median | CSAPM/CSAL3 < 0.58 | CSAPM/CSAL3 < 0.58 | - | - |
| Okumura et al. [35] | SMI | Self-determined cut-offs (in relation to 3-year mortality) | 47.1 cm2/m2 | 36.6 cm2/m2 | Low SMI + VFA ≥ 100 cm2 | <35.1 HU (Male) <30.7 HU (Female) |
| Ninomiya et al. [36] | SMI | Prado 2008 [26] (only for females) | 43.75 cm2/m2 | 38.5 cm2/m2 | Sarcopenia + BMI ≥ 22 kg/m2 | - |
| Sugimoto et al. [37] | SMI | Quartiles | Lowest quartile | Lowest quartile | - | - |
| Choi et al. [38] | SMI | Tertiles | Lowest tertile 45.3 cm2/m2 |
Lowest tertile 39.3 cm2/m2 |
- | <40.8 HU (Male) <33.9 HU (Female) |
| Gruber et al. [39] | SMI | Prado 2008 [26] | 52.4 cm2/m2 | 38.5 cm2/m2 | Sarcopenia + BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | - |
| Peng YC et al. [40] | SMI | Choi 2015 [41] | 42.2 cm2/m2 | 33.9 cm2/m2 | Sarcopenia +VAT/TAMA ≥ 2 | <41 HU with BMI < 25 kg/m2 <33 HU with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 |
TPA (L3): total psoas area measured at the level of L3 normalized for the square of the height; TPV (L3): total psoas volume measured at the level of L3 normalized for the square of the height. A total of 55 cm of the total psoas length was assessed in Amini et. al.; CSAPM/CSAL5: cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle at the L5 vertebral level standardized to the L5 cross-sectional area of the body (CSAL5); CSAPM/CSAL3: cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle at the L3 vertebral level standardized to the L3 cross-sectional area of the body (CSAL3); SMI (skeletal muscle index): cross-sectional area of the muscle at the L3 level normalized for the square of the height; VFA: visceral fat area; VAT/TAMA: visceral adipose tissue area/total abdominal muscle area at the L3 vertebral level.